Deccan Education Society’s

Fergusson College,Pune-4
Subject :- Vocational Computer Science (D - 9)
Standard :- XIIth Paper :- II

Title :- Networking Technology

Teacher :- Harshada Shinde.
 Topics to be covered:
 What is computer networking?
 Why networking?
 Networks in communication:- LAN, MAN, WAN
 Networking Topologies :- Star ,Bus ,Ring
 Networks :- Ethernet , Token Ring
 Topics to be covered:
 Access methods of networking :- contention, polling, token
passing
 Transmission media :- characteristics of transmission media
 Study of transmission media :- Coaxial cable, Twisted pair
cable, Fiber optic cable
 Protocols :- Internet Protocol
 Introduction to connectivity devices:- Modem, Hubs, Repeaters
, Routers
 COMPUTER NETWORKING
 “It is an interconnected collection of autonomous computers or
system of computers capable of sharing resources and
controlling services.”
 The network must be efficient, reliable and economic.
 The common resources are to be shared by the system
whenever needed and these resources include data, peripheral
devices like hard disk storage, printer, fax, etc.
 WHY NETWORK?
The main goals of networking are-
i. Network provides resource sharing.
ii. It provides high reliability by using other machine.
iii. Access to any file and data.
iv. Finally the system is saving money by network only.
 NEWORKS IN COMMUNICATIONS
There are different electronic communication networks, which
can be broadly classified according to their coverage area, and
their facilities provisions, these are:

a) WAN (Wide Area Network)

b) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
c) LAN (Local Area Network)
 a) LAN (Local Area Network)
 The third and smallest network is Local Area Network widely used
in Computer Communications.
 LAN is the common network suitable for efficient computer
communications.
 LAN contains 10 to 1000 PCs interconnected in an organization with
common control and storage.
 A computer laboratory in a college mostly uses LAN for training
the students.
LAN network configuration
 b) MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
 The network smaller than WAN and bigger than LAN is also
established hence known as MAN it is a medium sized network.

 An example of MAN is a cable network within a city. Another common

communication system is pager system; it is a network like MAN.
MAN network configuration
 c) WAN (Wide Area Network)
 As name itself implies the coverage area is very wide, stations are very high
in number hence named as WAN- Wide Area Network.
 A very common example is national telephone system, cellular mobile
phones, pager etc.
 WAN is a wide network, which is capable of covering the whole country or
state for communications.
 In WAN, the links may be established by using cables, microwave towers or
may be satellite link or it can be combination of two or many links.
 Difference between LAN, MAN and WAN
Sr.
No. Key LAN MAN WAN
MAN stands for
Definitio LAN stands for Local WAN stands for Wide Area
1
n
Metropolitan Area
Area Network. Network.
Network.
Owners LAN is often owned by MAN ownership can be WAN ownership can be
2
hip private organizations. private or public. private or public.
WAN speed is lower than
3 Speed LAN speed is quiet high. MAN speed is average.
that of LAN.
WAN has higher
Congesti LAN has low congestion MAN has higher
4
on
congestion than both MAN
as compared to WAN. congestion than LAN.
and LAN.
Designing and Designing and maintaining
Designing and maintaining
Mainten maintaining LAN is easy WAN is complex and more
5
ance
WAN is complex and
and less costly than costly than both LAN and
more costly than LAN.
WAN. MAN
Range of Three Networks
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY
Topology refers to the way in which network of computers is Connected.
A topology defines the arrangement of nodes, cables and connectivity
devices that make up the network.
There are two categories:
a)Physical topology
It describe the actual layout of the network transmission media.
It defines the way network looks.
b)Logical topology
It describe the logical pathway a signal follows as it passes
among the network nodes.
 NETWORK TOPOLOGY Contd….
There are three important topologies commonly used while interconnecting
computers in LAN.
a) Star Network topology
b) Ring Network topology
c) Bus Network topology

a) Star Topology
In star topology all the workstations are connected to central hub.
The hub receives the signal from workstation and routes it to the proper
destination.
This topology of network is much popular in LAN network.
Star Topology
 a) Star Topology
Advantages
1)Adding a new node is easier than that in BUS or RING topology.
2)The control is centralized due to use of hub.

Disadvantages
1)Hub failure affects all users.
2)Hubs are slightly expensive.
3)It require more cabling than BUS or RING topology.
Hence it costs more.
 b) Ring Topology
Ring topology are wired connection of nodes in a circle.
Each node is connected to its neighbours on either side and the data
transmits along the ring in one direction only .

Suppose node A has to transmit to node D then it is passed

from A to B, B to C and then C to D the node B and C
will check the address is not for them they retransmit
data to the next neighbouring station.
 b) Ring Topology

Node A
Node E Node B

Node D Node C
 b) Ring Topology Contd….
Advantages
1)Cable failure affects limited users.
2)Each node has equal access speed to the ring.
3)Equal access for all users.

Disadvantages
1)Costly wiring is required for ring topology.
2)Expensive adapter cards.
3)Difficult connections.
 c) Bus Topology
This topology is also known as a multi-point or multi-drop topology. In this
interconnection method a common bus is used for data transmission with
bi-directional communication provided by the bus for each node. The bus is
available for each node to send its data to each and every computer node if
desired.

Bus
 c) Bus Topology
Advantages
1. The bus system is much faster than other methods.
2. Direct communication between the two stations without any control station.
3. The bus topology can be extended with sub branches to form another
topology known as tree topology.
4. Breakdown of any failure node does not affect other node’s communication.
5. Bus topology widely used in wide LAN network.
Disadvantage
1. If shared single cable/bus damages then entire communication between
computers fails.
 Simplified Diagrams of Topologies

A STAR TOPOLOGY A RING TOPOLOGY

A B A B

E
E

D C D C
 Simplified Diagrams of Topologies

A BUS TOPOLOGY

A B

F BUS C

E D
 Ethernet Network
 Ethernet is a local area network terminology with networks
tradionally operating within single building.
 Ethernet device can have few hundred meters of cable between
them.
 Ethernet devices are connected to coaxial cable provides a path
on which electronic signals will travel.
 They transmit data in small units called as frames.
 Each frame has its own unique source and destination address
which identifies sender and receiver of message.
 Token Ring Network
 Token ring architecture was developed by IBM as a high reliable network.
 Token ring uses token passing architecture it uses logical ring to pass the token.
 Each token ring network device is connected to a central concentrator called
multistation access unit(MAU) because of this a single computer failure does
not affect the entire LAN down.
 Token passing networks moves a small frame called token around the network.
 The node passing token have right to send information.
 If the node possessing token has no information to send then it passes token to
next node.
 The information frame circulates the ring until reaches the destination.
Token Ring Network
MULTIPLEXING
This is the technique of utilizing an available channel effectively.
These are three methods multiplexing.

It belongs to broadband communication.

a) Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

b) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
c) Time Division Multiplying (TDM)

By means of multiplexing the available channel is divided into many

channels to maximize the utilization of channel capacity.
a) Space Division Multiplexing (SDM)

This is the simplest method of physical multiplexing in which physically

individual communication lines are packaged at the source.
At the receiving end each line slot is separated to connect each line to
individual destination.
The advantage of this methods is that it allows individual line to each user & it
uses base-band for short distances.
Another advantage of SDM is that the system is simple to install and use.
b) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)

This is the method of multiplexing where the medium is carrying multiple

individual channel instead of using separate Physical wire for each channel.

It means that in FDM physical channel carries a number of small logical

channels on a common cable.

b) Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) Cond..
In fact each channel is transmitted by means of modulation & at the
receiving end it is demodulated for this purpose it requires modem. In FDM
each channel sends information by using a separate carrier frequency
Since each carrier frequency is different, they run simultaneously
through the cable. At the receiving end they are separated by means of
demodulator.
c) Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)
TDM is a very popular modern technique of utilizing the capacity of a
physical channel effectively.
As name suggests in TDM each user of the channel is allowed to transmit
for a small time interval after every periodic time.
So that user can utilize full bandwidth into allocated time slice
 Access methods of networking
Access Methods

Contention Polling Token Passing

 Access methods of networking
1)Contention
• Any computer in network can transmit at any time.
• This system breaks down when two computers attempt to transmit at
same time. This is called as collision.
• To avoid collision carrier sensing mechanism is used.
• Here each computer listens to network before attempting to transmit.
If the network is busy wait till network quiets down.
• In carrier detection computer continue to the network as they transmit.
• If computer detects another signal that interfaces with the signal it is
sending it stops transmitting both computers then wait random amount
of time and attempt to transmit.
 Access methods of networking
2) Polling
• In polling based systems there is a device called controller to poll
other devices on the network to see whether they are ready to either
transmit or receive data.
• This access method is not widely used on network because the polling
itself can cause a fair amount of network traffic.
 Access methods of networking
3)Token Passing
• Token passing utilizes a frame called token which circulates
around the network.
• A computer that needs to transmit must wait until it receives the
token.
• When computer receives the token it is permitted to transmit.
• When computer completes transmitting it passes the token frame
to the next station.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA

Transmission media are the physical lines or channels through which

information (a stream of bits) is transmitted between computers in a
network.

Transmission media makes transmission of electronic signals possible

from one computer to another using binary pulses.
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS

1) Cost of media
2) Installation requirement
3) Bandwidth
4) Band usage(base band and broad band)
5) Attenuation
6) Immunity from electromagnetic interference
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
1)Cost of Media
 One major factor while purchasing of any network component is
its cost.
 For a new technology a cost is also more expensive.
 Decision depends upon application and standard of the resources.
2)Installation Requirements
 Some transmission media requires skilled labour to install
 This increases cost of network and it may cause some delay.
 Before installation we need to prepare actual physical layout of
network.
 TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
3) Bandwidth
 Bandwidth is the measure of the capacity of a medium to transmit the data.
 Bandwidth of a cable is depending on cable length.
 A short cable can have greater bandwidth than a long cable.
4) Band usage
 The bandwidth is shared so that maximum usage is obtained.
 There are two transmission modes base band and broad band.
 Base band devotes the entire capacity of a medium to one communication
channel.
 Broad band enables two or more communication channel to share the
bandwidth of a communication medium .
TRANSMISSION MEDIA CHARACTERISTICS
5) Attenuation
 Attenuation is a measure of how much a signal weakens as it travels
through a medium.
 As signals pass through the medium part of a signal is absorbed and makes
the signal weak.
 It decides the cable length when signal strength falls below certain limits
then at receiving station noise may appear.
6) Immunity from electromagnetic interference(EMI)
 Electromagnetic interference consists of outside electromagnetic noise that
distorts the signal in a medium.
 Example of Electromagnetic interference is crosstalk.
 Comparison of Baseband and Broadband
Baseband Broadband
1) Only one channel is transmitted 1) Many channels are transmitted on a
on available bandwidth. available bandwidth.
2) Original information is directly 2) Information is modulated & indirectly
sent sent
on line. in different form.
3) Small band width can be used. 3) Big band width is required to transmit
more channels.
4) e.g. LAN or a telephone line. 4) Cable TV channel transmission.
5) Twisted wire cable is used. 5) Co-axial cable carries broad band
transmission.
 STUDY OF TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Media can be broadly classified in to two groups.
A. Bounded Media- like twisted wires, Co-axial cables, fiber optic cables.
B. Unbounded Media- like ratio waves, microwave, infrared etc.,

TRANSMISSION MEDIA

A) Bounded Or Guided Media: B) Unbounded Or Wireless

Twisted pair, Coaxial Cable, Media: Packet Radio, Microwave,
Optical Fiber Satellite
 1. Co-Axial Cable
It is a special hallow cable with a solid copper or stranded wire at the center
of the cable surrounded by plastic foam insulation. The foam is surrounded
by wire mesh jacket or metallic foil. The wire mesh avoids EMI in other
words it is shielded cable. The outer plastic jacket provides protection from
damage.
There are two types of co-axial cables.
1) Thick net (thick, hard and expensive)
2) Thin net (Thin, flexible and inexpensive)
1. Co-Axial Cable
 [Link]-Axial Cable Contd…
Advantages:
1. It is commonly used in network because available in different sizes.
2. It’s shielding provides better resistance to EMI.
3. Attenuation is less than twisted pair cable.
Disadvantages:
4. It is relatively expensive but less than fiber optic cable.
5. Bandwidth capacity is comparatively less than fiber optic cable.
 [Link] pair
 In twisted pair cable one or more pairs of two twisted copper wires are
used.
 The twisting reduces the sensitivity of the cable to EMI.
 This types of cables used in telephone lines.
2. Twisted pair
 2. Twisted pair
Advantages:
1. This medium is inexpensive and easy to install.
2. Since wires are twisted it reduces EMI and also avoids RF radiation.
3. Twisted wires also reduce cross talk.

Disadvantages:
4. They can be used only for short distance communications.
5. The twisted pair cable has limited bandwidth for audio telephone it is 4
KHz and it can be maximum 50 KHz.
6. The typical speed of computer date is 1200 bits/ second (bps)
 2. Twisted pair
UTP Cable STP Cable
1. UTP consists of a number of 1. STP is also consists of a number of
twisted pairs with plastic jacket. pairs but a shell usually aluminum or
polyester between jacket & pairs.
2. Inexpensive and easy to install. 2. Expensive than UTP and difficult to
install.
3. Bandwidth capacity is from 1 to 3. It is 500 mbps up to 100 meters.
155 mbps up to 100 meters.
4. More attenuation and sensitive to [Link] attenuation and EMI is reduced
EMI. to shielding.
5. Used in telephone system. 5. STP is used in LAN.
2. Twisted pair
 3. Fibre- Optic Cable
 The light wave can be efficiently conducted through transparent glass fiber
cables known as optical fibre cables.
 The communication carried out by optical fibre cable and using light wave
is known as fibre optic communications.
 The center conductor of this cable is a fibre that consist of a highly refined
glass or plastic.
 The fibre is coated with cladding or gel that reflects signals back into fibre
to reduce signal loss.
 It is designed to transmit light signals with little loss.
 A plastic sheet protects the fibre from damage.
Fiber- Optic Cable
 Comparison Of Bounded Cables
Properties Twisted pair Co-axial cable Fiber optic
cable
a) Cost Inexpensive Twice or thrice Expensive
than twisted
pair
b) Easy Easy Difficult
Installation
c) More More Very less
Attenuation
d) EMI Maximum Minimum No effect
effect
e) Band 1 to 100 mbps/100 500 mbps/100 Gega bps/km
width mtr mtr
f) Signal Electrical Electrical Light Signals
 TCP/IP Protocols
 These are the set of rules or standard designs to enables computers

to be connected to each other and transfer information through a

network.
 Internet protocols are called TCP/IP(Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet Protocol)
 This protocol do not belong to any one company and technology is

available to everybody.
 TCP/IP Protocols
TCP/IP Internet protocol use three types of addresses for network addressing.
1. Hardware or physical address. It is used by the data link and
physical layers. It is hard coded into the cards at each device.
2. Internet protocol address provides logical node identification. This
address is unique address assigned by an administrators according to
certain guidelines. It is expressed in four parts dotted notation.
e.g. [Link]
3. Logical node names, which an administrator can assign, are
easier to remember than an IP address.
e.g BARNEY..COM
 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
To expand a single network without breaking in into
new parts or connecting it to other networks some standard
connectivity devices are used such as:
1. Hubs
2. Modem
3. Repeaters
4. Routers
 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY

HUBS:-This is the simples connectivity device used to extend a

network. All networks (except those using co-axial cable) requires a
central junction are called hubs.
 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
Modem :- Modem means modulator /demodulator. It is used to connect computer to
internet. Modem convert digital data to analog data and vice versa.
 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
Repeaters:- A repeaters reshapes and amplifies the signal from one
network to another.
 NETWORK CONNECTIVITY
Routers:-Routers are internetwork connectivity devices used to connect two
topologically similar or dissimilar LANs. Routers uses algorithm to
determine most efficient path for sending a packet to any given network.
Thank You