MODALS

Present Continous past Perf

• Can • Can be doing • Could • Could have done
• May/might • May be doing • Had to
• May have done
• Must • Must be doing • Was/were able
• Must have done
• Have to/has to • Should be doing to
• Didn’t need to • Should have done
• Should
• • Was supposed • Ought to have
Ought to
• to done
Had better
• • Would/used to • Needn’t have done
Am/is are able
to
• Need to
• Is supposed to
*ability ; can/ be able to
I can fix this machine. I am able to fix this machine
You will be able to speak English at the end of this term.
I have been able to overcome the obstacles so far.
*Could/ was able to
Luckily, Fortunately,Thankfully gibi ifadeler geçmiş
zamanla veriliyorsa was/were able to ile sık kullanılırlar.
I could run fast when I was ten.
I wasn’t able to pass the exam. I couldn’t pass the exam.
I was able to solve the hardest question in the last
midterm.
*possibility;may/be likely to
/can/may/might/could
I am not sure. I don’t [Link]. Possibly gibi
ifadelerle sık kullanılırlar.
They are likely to win the tournament.
Let us wait five minutes [Link] may come at
any time.
*permission;
May Can
Can I…? Could …… you?
Could Will
Would
Would you mind ving?
Would you mind if I +v2?

May I go out? Will you please help me?

Could you please hold the door?
Would you mind passing me the salt?
Would you mind if I sat here?
*obligation; must/have to/has to/had to/
She has to leave early because of an emergency.
You have to keep up with the novelties to compete.
I had to take the book back to the library not to get a fine.
*advice; should/ought to/had better
You should wear suit at the meeting.
You had better set the alarm clock if you don’t want to be late.
*expectation;should/be supposed to
Inflation rate should decrease this year.
You are supposed to be here at 16:40.
*past habits; would/used to
Used to; both with dynamic and stative verbs
Would;only with dynamic verbs
I would /used to hang out a lot with my friends when I was in
Ankara.
She didn’t use to get up early at the weekends.
I used to believe in superstutions in the past.
When I was in Antep I used to be overweight.
• At that time, since her aunt ---- in the same neighbourhood
she ---- her at least once a week.
A) is living / would visit
B) has lived / has visited
C) lived / visits
D) was living / used to visit
E) lives / was visiting
*am/is/are/was/were used to,am/is/are
accustomed to,get used to,get accustomed to
+ving
I am used to cold climate. I am used to living in
cold climate.
Soldiers are accustomed to living in hard
conditions.
*prohibition;mustn’t,can’t
You mustn’t violate the rules.
You can’t take photo in the military [Link] is
forbidden.
*lack of necessity; don’t have to,don’t need to ,needn’t
You don’t need to study for the exam as the teacher has
put it off.
You don’t have to explain to me anything. It is up to you.
Didn’t need to/didn’t have to
The lecturer lent me the book so I didn’t need to buy it.
*preference;prefer,would rather,
would sooner,would prefer
I prefer reading book to hanging out.
I would rather read book than hang out.
I would sooner read book than hang out.
I would prefer to read book rather than hang
out.
 Would rather V1 than v1
• I would rather drink coffee than drink tea
Would rather subject V2 than V2
• I would rather you told the truth than told lie.
Would rather have V3 than have V3 (past)
• I would rather have stayed in Turkey than have
gone abroad last year.
*deduction;must,can,may,might
She hasn’t eaten anything since [Link] must
be hungry now.
What is that policeman doing there?
He must be chasing thief.(%90)
He may be chasing a thief.(%50)
PERFECT MODALS;
*must have done
He didn’t answer the phone when I called
[Link] must have fallen asleep.
They were married happily for 50 [Link]
must have had a great relationship.
Can’t have done;
You can’t have seen my mother yesterday as she
didn’t go out.
He can’t have committed the crime because at
that time he was abroad.
.
*may/might/could have done
Laura hasn’t arrived [Link] may have missed the bus.
A:Somebody must have stolen my [Link] is missing.
B:Don’t be so sure. You may have forgotten it at home
*could have done
You could have borrowed my car yesterday I
didn’t need it.
If the fire fighters hadn’t come on time,many
people could have died.
*was supposed to/should have done/ought to have done
You should have told him the truth, not a lie.
You were supposed to be here at 16:40 but you came at
17:00.
You shouldn’t have shouted at your child like [Link] was
rude of you.
*needn’t have done
I have already done the shopping,you needn’t have been
to the supermarket.
The weather was very rainy.I needn’t have taken my
sunglasses with me.
• I don’t want us to be late for the meeting, so we — take a taxi.

A) have had to
B) are able to
C) had to
D) had better
E)needed
• I ………. at a research centre but I decided to work for an oil
company since the pay was much better.

A) could have worked

B) may work
C) had to work
D) had better work
E) have been working
• You ………… wear jeans or trainers at a formal gathering. It
wouldn’t be right.

A) needn’t
B) don’t have to
C) might not
D) weren’t able to
E) mustn’t
• My dictionary isn’t in its usual place; someone ……… it.

A) should be borrowed
B) can borrow
C) might borrow
D) must have borrowed
E) ought to borrow
• As a comedian he is no longer appreciated but ten years
ago people …….. at his jokes.

A) used to laugh
B) have been laughing
C) are used to laughing
D) have laughed
E) had laughed
• One of the great advances of astronomy over recent years —-
the discovery of planets outside our solar system, and it is the
first real clue that we —- alone in the universe.

A) is going to be / mustn’t be
B) is / were not
C) had been / will not be
D) was / would not be
E) has been / may not be
• The body ---- itself from infections, but if it responds too
slowly, it ----.

A) may defend / would not have survived

B) should defend / could not have survived
C) must defend / might not have survived
D) had to defend / cannot survive
E) can defend / may not survive
• The rescue workers………….able to rescue some of those
who……still alive under the rubble.

a)should be/were
b)may be/are
c)might have been/have been
d)will be/would be
e)were/will be
 With its superior firepower,NATO……….any battle,but
it……….the war in Afghanistan.

a)had won/loses
b)can win/is losing
c)has won/lost
d)would have won/had lost
e)is winning/was losing
 Today, enormous amounts of information ----around the globe
almost instantaneously in a way that ---- possible a few years
ago.
A) used to be distributed / might not have been
B) had to be distributed / may not have been
C) must be distributed / should not have been
D) can be distributed / could not have been
E) would be distributed / must not have been
• You needn't have gone to work today, ----.
a)but you stayed home and played with the kids for most of the
day
b)even though the majority of you are enjoying your summer
holidays
c)so you had plenty of time to hang out at home
d)instead you had a short meeting at twelve o'clock that came
with a free lunch
e)as the boss decided to close the office