CS2232- IT Infrastructure
Management and Spreadsheet-
Based Data Analysis
Module - III
Networking and Storage
Agenda
Networking Introduction and History
Networking Building Blocks
Network Availability
Network Performance
Network Security
Storage Building Blocks
Storage Availability
Storage Performance
Storage Security.
CS1003 - Programming in C
Networking Introduction and History
Networking connects devices to share data and resources.
• ARPANET (1960s) – the first network, evolved into the Internet.
• LAN connects computers in limited areas (e.g., campus).
• WAN connects multiple LANs across cities or countries.
• Ethernet, Token Ring, and Wi-Fi are major technologies.
• OSI model defines 7 layers for standard data transmission.
3 / 39
Networking Building Blocks
•Physical Layer : Physical connection
Cables, hubs, switches, and routers.
• Data Link Layer: Transfer data between two edges
MAC addressing and frame transmission.
• Network Layer: Packet forwarding Handles IP addressing and routing (IPv4/IPv6).
• Transport Layer: Ensures reliable communication (TCP/UDP).
• Session Layer : PAP,PPTP,RTCP
• Presentation Layer:-
• Application Layer: Provides services like HTTP, DNS, FTP, SMTP.
• Network Devices: Routers, Firewalls, and Access Points.
Networking Building Blocks
CS1003 - Programming in C
Physical Layer
• The physical layer contains the actual Twisted pair cables
hardware used in networking.
Multimode optical cable
CS1003 - Programming in C
Data Link Layer
CS1003 - Programming in C
Network Layer
CS1003 - Programming in C
Network Layer
• The IP protocol is most used
network protocol in the world.
• Two version
• IPv4
IPv4 addresses are composed of 4
bytes (32 bits), represented by 4
decimal numbers,
for example, [Link].
CS1003 - Programming in C
Network Layer-IPV4
Netid and hostid
CS1003 - Programming in C
IPV4-Subnet
• A sub network, or subnet, is a logical, visible subdivision of an IP
network. The practice of dividing a network into two or more
networks is called sub netting.
CS1003 - Programming in C
IPV6
• Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) is the latest revision of the
Internet Protocol (IP).
• IPv6 uses 128 bit addresses.
Advantage
• larger Address Space
• Simplified Header
• End-to-end Connectivity
• Auto configuration
CS1003 - Programming in C
Transport layer - Connection Oriented
Transport layer provides end-to- Connection Oriented
end or host-to-host
communication services for
applications.
• UDP and TCP
CS1003 - Programming in C
Transport layer- Packet Oriented
Transport layer - UDP Vs TCP
Session layer
• Session layer protocols manage the
communication session between two
endpoints.
• Examples include PAP (Password
Authentication Protocol) for user
authentication,
• PPTP (Point-to-Point Tunneling
Protocol) for VPNs,
• And RTCP (Real-time Transport
Control Protocol) for controlling media
sessions
Presentation layer
• Responsible for translating,
encrypting, and compressing
data to ensure it is in a format
that the receiving application
can understand.
CS1003 - Programming in C
Application layer
• HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): This is the foundation for data
communication on the World Wide Web, used to transfer data like text,
images, audio, and video between a client and a server.
• DNS (Domain Name System): This protocol translates human-readable
domain names (like [Link]) into the numerical IP addresses
that computers use to locate each other on a network.
• FTP (File Transfer Protocol): This protocol is used to transfer files
between a local computer and a remote server.
• SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): This is a standard protocol for
sending email messages between servers and from a client to a server.
Network Availability
• Ensures network uptime and reliability.
• Hierarchical Design: Core, Distribution, and Access layers.
• Network Teaming: Combines NICs for redundancy.
• Spanning Tree Protocol (STP): Prevents network loops.
• Multi-homing: Uses multiple ISPs for high availability.
Network Performance
• Throughput: Data transferred per unit of time.
• Latency: Time delay in data transmission.
• Quality of Service (QoS): Prioritizes critical applications.
• WAN Compression: Reduces data to boost speed.
• TCP Offload: Improves performance by reducing CPU load.
Network Security
• Firewalls: Control inbound/outbound traffic.
• DMZ(demilitarized zone): Adds an extra layer of network protection.
• IDS/IPS:(Intrusion Detection System/ Prevension System) Detect and prevent
malicious activities.
• VPN: Secures remote communication.
• RADIUS & NAC: ( Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service) Handle user
authentication.
• SSL/TLS: (Secure Sockets Layer) /TLS (Transport Layer Security) Encrypts data
to ensure secure communication.
Storage Building Blocks
• Storage stores and retrieves digital data.
• DAS: Directly attached to a single computer.
• NAS: Shared file storage via a network.
• SAN: High-speed block storage for enterprise servers.
• Devices: HDDs, SSDs, and tape drives.
• RAID: Combines drives for redundancy and performance.
Storage Building Blocks
Storage Building Blocks
HDD (Record Player)
• You have to physically move a needle (read/write arm) across a spinning disc
(platter) to the exact spot the song is located. This takes time.
SSD (Digital Music File)
• The song is instantly accessible with one click; there is no physical movement
required. Access is nearly immediate.
Tape Drive (Cassette Tape)
• You have to fast-forward or rewind through the entire tape until you physically
land on the specific song you need. This is a linear, time-consuming process.
Storage Building Blocks_RAID
• Redundant Array of Independent Disk(RAID) provide high availability of data
and improve the performance through the redundant disk.
• Combines multiple physical disk drive components into a single logical unit for
the purposes of data redundancy.
• RAID can be implemented several ways, called RAID level.
• RAID 0
• RAID 1
• RAID 10
• RAID 5
• RAID 6
RAID-striping
Take file data and map it to different disks
Allows for reading data in parallel
CS1003 - Programming in C
RAID-Mirrioring
RAID splits data evenly across two
or more disks, without parity
information, redundancy, or fault
tolerance.
CS1003 - Programming in C
RAID5-striping with distributed parity
Data is written in disk block on all
disk in parallel, and parity block
of written disk block is stored as
well.
Failure of a single drive,
subsequent reads can be
calculated from the distributed
parity such that no data is lost.
If two drives fail at once, all data
is lost.
CS1003 - Programming in C
Storage Availability
• Maintains access to data during failures.
• RAID levels (1, 5, 6) ensure fault tolerance.
• Replication: Copies data for backup.
• Clustering: Provides automatic failover.
• Snapshots: Save data state for quick recovery.
Storage Performance
• Measured by IOPS, throughput, and latency.
• SSDs outperform HDDs in speed and reliability.
• Caching improves response times.
• RAID and network bandwidth affect performance.
• Proper optimization ensures efficient data handling.
Storage Security
• Protects data from unauthorized access or loss.
• Encryption secures stored and transmitted data.
• Access control limits data exposure.
• Data masking hides sensitive details.
• Secure deletion ensures permanent removal.
Thank You