SUM
• A1 = 15
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =SUM(A1:A3)
• Result: 65
• Adds selected numbers
MAX
• A1 = 15
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =MAX(A1:A3)
• Result: 30
• Returns highest value
MIN
• A1 = 15
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =MIN(A1:A3)
• Result: 15
• Returns lowest value
AVERAGE
• A1 = 10
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =AVERAGE(A1:A3)
• Result: 20
• Calculates average
COUNT
• A1 = 10
• A2 = 20
• A3 = Text
• Formula: =COUNT(A1:A3)
• Result: 2
• Counts numeric cells
COUNTA
• A1 = 10
• A2 = Text
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =COUNTA(A1:A3)
• Result: 3
• Counts non-empty cells
COUNTBLANK
• A1 = 10
• A2 = (blank)
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =COUNTBLANK(A1:A3)
• Result: 1
• Counts blank cells
COUNTIF
• A1 = 10
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =COUNTIF(A1:A3,">15")
• Result: 2
• Counts matching condition
SUMIF
• A1 = 10
• A2 = 20
• A3 = 30
• Formula: =SUMIF(A1:A3,">15")
• Result: 50
• Adds condition-based values
IF
• A1 = 60
• Condition: A1 > 50
• Formula: =IF(A1>50,"Pass","Fail")
• Result: Pass
• Logical decision
VLOOKUP
• A1 = 101
• Table: ID | Name
• Formula: =VLOOKUP(A1,A:B,2,0)
• Result: Name
• Vertical lookup
XLOOKUP
• A1 = 101
• Lookup Range: A:A
• Return Range: B:B
• Formula: =XLOOKUP(A1,A:A,B:B)
• Result: Name
• Modern lookup
LEFT
• A1 = Excel
• Formula: =LEFT(A1,2)
• Result: Ex
• Extracts left text
RIGHT
• A1 = Excel
• Formula: =RIGHT(A1,2)
• Result: el
• Extracts right text
MID
• A1 = Excel
• Formula: =MID(A1,2,3)
• Result: xce
• Extracts middle text
TODAY
• Formula: =TODAY()
• Result: Current Date
• Returns today’s date
NOW
• Formula: =NOW()
• Result: Current Date & Time
• Returns date and time