Chapter 7
Linear Two-Port Networks
Contents
Concepts
System of equaions and characteristic parameters
Reciprocal and non-reciprocal two-port networks
Transfer functions, input and output impedances of two-port networks
Operational amplifier
Methods for anaalyzing circuits containing two-port networks
Equivalent transformations and interconnection of two port networks
Concept of two-port networks (1)
Representation of the relationship between input and output signals of a two-
port network, through the relationship among characteristic variables:
Only consider linear two-port
networks, without independent
sources inside.
Characteristic parameter sets for two-port network: commonly used sets are Z, Y, A.
Relationship between
parameter sets:
2
Concept of two-port networks (2)
Common problems
Determining the parameters of a two-port network
Analysing a circuit containing a two-port network (with parameter set already
given)
Equations for the transmission (S) parameters:
Method 1: Consider special cases (short-circuit, open-circuit at the ports)
Method 2: Write directly the relationships between variables from the circuit
A-parameter set (Transmission parameters):
A reciprocal two-port network satisfies: det(A)=1
A-parameter Set (1)
Example 1: Determine the A-parameter set of the
following two-port network
1 2
1’ 2’
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A-parameter Set (2)
1 2 1 2
1’ 2’ 1’ 2’
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A-parameter Set (3)
Method 2:
1 2
1’ 2’
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T-equivalent circuit
1 2
1’ 2’
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Problems on two-port network
▪Ex 2: Calculate
the currents in the
circuit.
det(A)=1
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Z-parameter Set
Determination of the Z-parameters
If Z12=Z21: the two-port network is reciprocal
❖Note: if the current reference direction at the port is pointing outward
If Z12=-Z21: the two-port network is reciprocal
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Z-parameter Set
Ex 3: Calculation of the Z-parameter set
T-equivalent circuit
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Ex 4:
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Y-parameter Set
▪Determination Y-parameter set
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•
Ex5 : Determination Y-parameter set
Nodal analysis:
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𝝅 equivalent circuit
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𝝅 equivalent circuit
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𝝅 equivalent circuit
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H-parameter set and G parameter set
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Input impedance of two-port network
▪Impedance at gate1:
• Example with Y-parameter set:
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Input imdependance of two-port network
• Example: Y-parameter set:
Input impedance of a two-port network
• Example with A-parameter set:
Using A-parameter set is convenient for calculating the inpout impedance.
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Input impedance of a two-port network
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Input impedance of a two-port network
Impedance at gate 2:
Example with B-parameter set (or A-parameter set):
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Input impedance of a two-port network det(A)=1
Parameter
set
Parameter
set
With A-parameter set:
Calculate the input impedance of a two-port network
using A-parameter set
Calculation of input impedance under open/short-circuit
conditions:
▪Case 1: Output port 2 open-circuited: ▪Case 2: Output port 2 short-circuited:
▪Case 3: Input port 1 open-circuited ▪Case 4: Input port 1 short-circuited:
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Calculate the input impedance of a two-port network using
A-parameter set
Determining A-parameter set from open-circuit and short-circuit impedances.
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Calculate the input impedance of a two-port network
using the A-parameter set
From short-circuit and open-circuit
impedances, determine the A-parameter set?
Case 1: Port 2 short circuited:
Case 2: Port 2 open-circuited:
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Source-Load Matching Conditions
▪For the load
t Z to receive maximum power:
▪For maximum power delivered into the two-port network:
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Transfer Functions in Two-Port Networks(1)
1 2
1’ 2’
▪Voltage transfer function:
▪Current transfer function:
▪Hybrid transfer functions:
▪Power transfer function:
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Transfer Functions in Two-port Netwoeks (2)
▪Voltage transfer function:
▪Current transfer function:
For a symmetric two-port network: a 11=a22
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Two-Port Network Connection (1)
▪Cascaded connection (series connection) of A-matrices
Note:
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Two-Port Network Connection (2)
▪Series connection of Z-matrices
▪Parallel connection of Y-matrices
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Ghép nối mạng hai cửa (3)
▪Series – parallel connection of H-matrices
▪ Parallel-series connection of G-matrices
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Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp)
❑ Operational Amplifier (OPAMP)
• Operational Amplifier: • Equivalent model
• Ideal OPAMP:
Uin=U+ - U-
i+(t)= i -(t)=0
U+= U-
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Operational Amplifier
Inverting Amplifier
Assume the Op-Amp has infinite input
resistance, Zv →∞
At node N, applying Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):
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Non-inverting Amplifier
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Cascading Operational Amplifier
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about Two-Port Networ Problems
▪Problem 1: Calculate the currents in the circuit?
det(A)=1
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Method 2: Calculate using the input impedance at port 1
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▪Method 3: Thevénin and input impedance at port 2
▪ Calculate the open-circuit voltage:
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▪Compare Zv2with the formula:
▪If Zt is unknown, find Z t so that the power transferred to it is maximined
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▪Exercise 1:
a) Calculate the current 1,through Z 4 given
b) If Z4 is unknown, determine Z 4 so that the power absorbed by it is maximum?
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a) Calculate the current through Z 1
▪Method 1:
The circuit takes the same form as in Exercise 1!
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a) Calculate the current through Z 1
▪Method 2:
a
a) Calculate the current through Z 1
▪Method 3:
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▪Power delivered by the sources?
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4 Find Z so that the power P through it is maximum?
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Find Z so that the power P through it is maximum?
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▪ Exercise 2:
Given the AC circuit in steady state:
e1 = 100sin314t V;
e 2= 150sin(314t – 30o ) V;
L1 = L2 = 0,2H; R2 = 45Ω;
a) Calculate the current i1 and i2 in the circuit?
b) Find the power dissipated in the two-port network?
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Exercise 3:
Given R = 10Ω; L = 2H; C = 0,1mF; R k =
20Ω; e = 3V (DC); k = 2; two-port network has
the admittance matrix:
Calculate the current i 1 and the voltage across R k
Answer:
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Exercise 4:
Given:
a) Given A-parameter matrix:
Calculate the active power of the source
b) Keep the coefficients a12, a22 unchanged.
Find suitable values of a11, a21 so that the
power delivered to the two-port network and
load Zt is maximized
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Exercise 5:
a) Find the A-parameters of the two-
port network inside the dashed box
(with the current directions as shown
in the figure)
b) Calculate the active power of the source?
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Exercise 6:
For the two circuits in Figure 1 and Figure 2 z
Za = 10 + j20 Ω; Zb = 20 – j10 Ω;
Figure 2
Figure 1
a) For the circuit in Figure 1, find Z c so that it receivesmaximum power?
b) For the circuit in figure 2, the reciprocal two-port network has the impedance matrix:
Given cZ= 10 + j45Ω.
Find the current flowing through Z b ?
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Exercise 7:
Given a circuit with:
Calculate the current
1 i1 and the consumed power
t through R t?
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Exercise 8:
Given:
L=0,5 H; j1(t)=2sin314t A
1 2
Calculate the current i1 and the delivered power of the source
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Exercise 9: Given
R1 = 10kΩ; R2 = 20kΩ; R3 = 10kΩ; R4 = 20kΩ;
R5 = 10kΩ; C = 0,05mF;
e4 = 7,07 sin(200t + 60o ) V
The OPAMP is ideal.
a)Calculate uc ?.
b) Calculate ura (t)
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▪Exercise 10: Given
OPAMP is ideal.
Calculate Vout in 2 case:
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▪Exercise 11: Given
Find Zt so that the power delivered to it is maximum, and compute that maximum
power.
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