FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
- 2 ovaries
- 2 fallopian
tube
- 2 uterine
horns
- Uterus
- Cervix
- Vagina
- Vestibule
- Vulva
•The size of the reproductive organs depend
on age and the physiological status.
•OVARIES – paired small oval organs and
located in the abdominal cavity caudal
ventral to the kidneys
•FALLOPIAN TUBE– They are small tubes
that convey ovum from ovary to the uterus
UTERUS, VAGINA VESTIBULE AND VULVA
•UTERUS – part of reproductive system that receives fertilized
ovum and allows its attachment and growth.
•It has the following parts
1. Uterine horns
2. Uterine body
3. Cervix- has a cervical canal is tightly closed except at
parturition slightly at oestrus.
VAGINA
VESTIBULE
•It is continuous with vagina. Border between the two is
determined by external orifice of the
THE OESTROUS CYCLE
•The oestrous cycle is the sequence of hormonal
changes that occurs through the ovarian cycle.
•These changes influence the behaviour and body
changes of the female.
•The first hormone involved in the oestrous cycle is
hypothalamus begins secreting GnRH
• GnRH causes anterior pituitary gland to produce
follicle stimulating hormone(FSH).
•FSH stimulates the follicle to develop and to secrete
the hormone oestrogen.
Estrous cycle
•Estrogen makes the animal to show signs of estrus
•Luteinising hormone (L.H.) is also produced from the
anterior pituitary
•LH initiates ovulation and development of the corpus
luteum CL.
•CL produces progesterone
•Progesterone prepares the lining of the uterus for the
fertilised ovum and the mammary glands for milk production.
•If pregnancy does not take place the corpus luteum shrinks
and the production of progesterone decreases.
•This causes FSH to be produced again and a new oestrous
cycle begins.
.
THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
•The male
reproductive
system
consists of
•Paired testes
•Ducts that
transport the
sperm to the
penis
•Glands that
add secretions
to the sperm to
make semen.
TESTES
•Testes are located in a bag of skin called the scrotal sacs (or scrotum) that hangs
below the body
•The testes consist of a mass of coiled tubes (the seminiferous or sperm
producing tubules) in which the sperm are formed.
•Leydigells lying between the seminiferous tubules produce the male sex
hormone testosterone.
•Sertoli cells inside seminiferous tubules nourish the sperms.
•When the sperm are mature they accumulate in the collecting ducts and
then pass to the epididymis before moving to the sperm duct or vas
deferens.
•The two sperm ducts join the urethra just below the bladder, which passes
ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS
•Three different glands are involved in producing the secretions
in which sperm are suspended
•Seminal vesicles produce secretions that make up much of the
volume of the semen, and transport and provide nutrients for the
sperm.
•Prostate gland produces an alkaline secretion that neutralizes
the acidity of the male urethra and female vagina.
•Cowper’s glands secretions lubricate and form a plug that traps
the semen in the female reproductive system after copulation.
PENIS-Is the organ of copulation
The male Reproductive Physiology
• Scrotal temperature is 2-3 degrees centigrade below body
temperature to facilitate sperm formation.
• There are 2 types of cells in the testes, sertoli in the
seminiferous tubules and leydig outside the tubules.
• At the onset of puberty, the hypothalamus begins secreting
gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH).
• In response to GnRH, pituitary gland releases FSH and LH
• FSH enters seminiferous tubules, stimulating the Sertoli
cells to facilitate formation and nourishment of sperms
• Luteinizing hormone stimulates Leydig cells to
make and secrete testosterone which makes animals
to acquire male sexual characteristics
•SPERM
•A single ejaculation may contain 2-3 hundred million
sperm but even in normal semen as many as 10% of these
sperm may be abnormal and infertile. Some may be dead
while others are inactive or deformed with double, giant or
small heads or tails that are coiled or absent altogether.
When there are too many abnormal sperm or when the
sperm concentration is low, the semen may not be able to
fertilize an egg and the animal is infertile.
MAMMARY GLAND
• In bovines
there are 4 glands
(udder).
•Udder of a
Doe/Ewe consist of
2 glands.
•Sows and are 10 or
12 in rows in
thoracic/
abdorminal/inguina
THE ALVEOLI
• Grape-like clusters
are the basic milk
producing units. Each
is composed of a
single layer of
epithelial cells.
• They absorb nutrients
from blood and
transform into milk
and discharge into the
cavity of the alveolus.
• Alveoli
surrounded by
myoepithelial
cell which
empty into a
duct.
• Duct empties
into the gland
cistern then to
teat cistern
which connects
to teat canal
Physiology of milk production(Milk let-down)
• Oxytocin is
produced on
sight, sound,
suckling,
milking
stimulation.
• This causes
contraction of
myoepithelial
cells and milk
ejection into
ducts to the
teat canal