String

• A string is a sequence of characters

that represents text. • What can a string
• Simple explanation 😊
• 👉 String = Text / Words / Sentence contain?
• Examples: • Letters → "abc"
• "Hello"
• "Dollcy"
• Numbers → "123"
• "12345" • Symbols → "@#₹!"
• "Hello World!"
• In Programming (Python):
• Spaces → "Hello World"
• Strings are always written inside • Real-life examples:
quotes
– Single quotes ' '
• Your name
– Double quotes " " • WhatsApp message
• name = "Dollcy" message = 'I love
coding' • Passwords (in text form)
 Indexing of a string
• Indexing of a string means the
position number of each
character in the string. Each
position is called an index.
• Key points:
• Indexing starts from 0.
• Positive index → count from
the start of the string
• Negative index → count from
the end of the string (-1 is the
last character)
• Example:
• text = “HELLO PYTHON"
EXAMPLE
• text = "Python"
• print(text[0]) # P
• print(text[5]) # n
• print(text[-1]) # n
• print(text[-6]) # P
 ASCII and Unicode in Python
• 11️⃣What is ASCII?
• ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) is a character encoding system that represents characters using numbers.
• Total characters: 128
• Range: 0 to 127
• Includes:
– English letters (A–Z, a–z)
– Digits (0–9)
– Special symbols (@, #, $, etc.)
• Example in Python:
• print(ord('A'))
• Output:
• 65
• 👉 ord() returns the ASCII value of a character.
• print(chr(65))
• Output:
• A
• 👉 chr() converts a number into its corresponding character.
• 2️⃣What is Unicode?
• Unicode is an advanced character encoding system.
• Supports all languages of the world
• Includes:
– Hindi (अ, क)
– Chinese ( 你 )
– Emojis (😊 ❤️)
• Unicode has more than 1 million characters
• 👉 In Python 3, all strings are Unicode by default.
 String Operators in Python
• Python provides different operators to • 33️⃣Indexing Operator ([])
work with strings.
• Used to access characters using index
• 1 Concatenation Operator (+)
1️⃣ number.
• Used to join two or more strings. • Index starts from 0
• Example: • Example:
• s1 = "Hello" s2 = "World" result = s1 + • s = "Python" print(s[0]) print(s[3])
" " + s2 print(result)
• Output:
• Output:
• Ph
• Hello World
• 4️⃣Membership Operators (in, not in)
• Used to check whether a substring is
• 2️⃣Repetition Operator (*)
present or not.
• Used to repeat a string multiple times.
• Example:
• Example:
• s = "Python" print("Py" in s)
• s = "Hi " print(s * 3) print("Java" not in s)
• Output: • Output:
• Hi Hi Hi • True True
• 66️⃣Comparison Operators (==, !=,
<, >)
• 🔑 Important Points
• Used to compare strings. • Strings are immutable
• Example: (cannot be changed).
• a = "apple" b = "banana" print(a
== b) print(a < b)
• Indexing starts from 0.
• Output: • + joins strings.
• False True
• * repeats strings.
• 7️⃣Assignment Operator (=)
• Used to assign a string to a
variable.
• Example:
• name = “PYTHON" print(name)
 String Slicing in Python
• String slicing is used to extract a part of a • 44️⃣Using Negative Index
string. • s = "Python" print(s[-4:-1])
• Syntax: • Output:
• string[start : end : step] • tho
• start → index to begin (inclusive) • 5️⃣Slicing with Step
• end → index to stop (exclusive) • s = "Python" print(s[0:6:2])
• step → gap between characters (optional)
• Output:
• 1 Basic Slicing
1️⃣
• Pto
• s = "Python" print(s[0:4])
• 6️⃣Reverse a String
• Output:
• s = "Python" print(s[::-1])
• Pyth
• Output:
• 2️⃣Slice from a Position to End
• nohtyP
• s = "Python" print(s[2:])
• Output:
• Important
7️⃣ Points
• thon
• Index starts from 0
• 3️⃣Slice from Beginning to a Position • Ending index is not included
• s = "Python" print(s[:5]) • Negative index starts from -1 (last
• Output:
character)
• Pytho
• Strings are immutable
 String Functions in Python
• 6. swapcase()
• 🔤 String Functions in Python (Short • Changes upper to lower and vice-versa
Notes) • "HeLLo".swapcase() # hEllO
• 1. len() • 7. strip()
• Returns length of string • Removes spaces from both sides
• " hi ".strip() # hi
• len("Python") # 6
• 8. lstrip()
• 2. lower() • Removes left spaces
• Converts to lowercase • " hi".lstrip() # hi
• "HELLO".lower() # hello • 9. rstrip()
• Removes right spaces
• 3. upper()
• "hi ".rstrip() # hi
• Converts to uppercase • 10. replace()
• "hello".upper() # HELLO • Replaces substring
• 4. capitalize() • "hello".replace("h","H") # Hello
• 11. find()
• Capitalizes first letter • Returns index of substring
• "python".capitalize() # Python • "python".find("t") # 2
• 5. title() • 12. index()
• Capitalizes first letter of each word • Same as find (gives error if not found)
• "python".index("o") # 4
• "python language".title() # Python
Language
• 13. count() • 18. isalpha()
• Counts occurrences • Checks only letters
• • "abc".isalpha() # True
"banana".count("a") # 3
• 19. isdigit()
• 14. startswith()
• Checks only digits
• Checks starting word • "123".isdigit() # True
• "python".startswith("py") # True • 20. isalnum()
• 15. endswith() • Checks letters + digits
• Checks ending word • "abc123".isalnum() # True
• "python".endswith("on") # True • 21. isspace()
• 16. split() • Checks only spaces
• • " ".isspace() # True
Splits string into list
• "a b c".split() # ['a','b','c']
• ⭐ Important Note
• 17. join() • Strings are immutable
• Joins list into string • Functions return new string, original string
• "-".join(["a","b"]) # a-b remains same
 PROGRAMS
1 .#Find the length of a 2.#Length of Each Word
string • s = "Python is easy"
• s = input("Enter • for w in [Link]():
string: /n") print(w, ":",
• print(len(s)) len(w))
• OUTPUT • OUTPUT
Enter string • Python : 6
HELLO • is : 2
5 • easy : 4
 3.⃣ Count Vowels and Consonants
• s = input("Enter string: ")
• u=l=0

• for ch in s:
• if [Link]():
• u += 1
• elif [Link]():
• l += 1

• print("Uppercase:", u)
• print("Lowercase:", l)
• .️⃣. Reverse a String
.4
• s = "Hello"
print(s[::-1]) • #6. Check Palindrome
• output
olleH • s = "madam"
• # 5. Count Uppercase and Lowercase • if s == s[::-1]:
• s = "PyThOn"
• u=l=0
• print("Palindrome")
•
•
for ch in s: • else:
if [Link]():
• u += 1 • print("Not Palindrome")
• elif [Link]():
• l += 1
• print("Upper:", u)
• print("Lower:", l) • # Output:
•
•
# Output:
# Upper: 3
• # Palindrome
• # Lower: 3
 • # 8. Capitalize First
• # 7. Count Digits Letter of Each Word
• s = "abc123" • s = "python language"
• d=0 • print([Link]())
• for ch in s: • # Output:
• if [Link](): • # Python Language
• d += 1
• print(d)
• # Output:
• #3
• 9. Find Substring • 10. Replace Word
• s = "Python" • s = "This is bad"
• sub = "th" • print([Link]("bad",
• if sub in s: "good"))
• print("Found") • # Output:
• else: • # This is good
• print("Not Found")
• # Output:
• # Found
 # Find the longest word in a string

• s = "Python programming is very easy"

• words = [Link]()
• longest = ""

• for w in words:
• if len(w) > len(longest):
• longest = w

• print("Longest word:", longest)

• print("Length:", len(longest))

• # Output:
• # Longest word: programming
• # Length: 11
• Write a program that • s = input("Enter a string: ")
ask the user for a string • c = input("Enter a character to
search: ")
s and a character C
then it print out the
• print("Locations of
location of each character:", c)
character c in the string
s • for i in range(len(s)):
• if s[i] == c: # Check
each character
• print(i) # Print
location (index)