DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS
(V SEMESTER)
MODULE 1
Contents
1. Characterisation of Distributed Systems
– Introduction
– Focus on Resource Sharing
– Challenges
2. Remote Invocation
– Introduction,
– Request-Reply Protocols,
– Remote Procedure Call,
– Introduction to Remote Method Invocation
PYQS
1. Define Distributed Systems. List and explain the significant consequence of
Distributed Systems.
2. Discuss the key challenges in the Distributed Systems.
3. Explain the Reply-Request Protocol used in the Distributed Systems for
process communication.
4.
Distributed System :
• A distributed system is a system in which hardware or
software components located on networked computers
communicate and coordinate their actions by passing
messages.
• Example : Web Servers, Cloud Computing, Databases
Focus on Resource Sharing
Key challenges in the Distributed Systems
1. Heterogeneity
2. Openness
3. Security
4. Scalability
5. Failure handling
6. Concurrency
7. Transparency
8. Quality of service
Remote Invocation
• A complete interaction between a client and a
server, from the point when the client sends its
request to when it receives the server’s response, is
called a remote invocation.
• Clients are active (making requests) and servers are
passive (only waking up when they receive requests);
servers run continuously, whereas clients last only
as long as the applications of which they form a part.
Request-Reply Protocols
This protocol is based on a trio of communication primitives,
doOperation,
getRequest and
sendReply
• Request-reply protocols represent a pattern on top of message
passing and support the two-way exchange of messages as
encountered in client-server computing
Request-Reply Protocol
• Message identifiers
• A message identifier consists of two parts:
• a requestId, which is taken from an increasing
sequence of integers by the sending process;
• an identifier for the sender process, for example, its
port and Internet address.
Failure model of the request-reply protocol
If the three primitives doOperation, getRequest and
sendReply are implemented over UDP datagrams,
then they suffer from the same communication
failures.
• That is:
• They suffer from omission failures.
• Messages are not guaranteed to be delivered in sender
order.
Remote Procedure Call
Introduction to Remote Method Invocation
CASE STUDY : Java RMI