CIEN 313
INTRODUCTION
Dr. Florante D. Poso,
Jr.
RESEARCH
is defined as a “careful,
critical, disciplined
inquiry, varying in technique
and method according to the
nature and conditions of the
problem identified, directed
toward the clarification or
resolution of a problem.
FEASIBILITY STUDY
is an evaluation and analysis
of the potential of a proposed
project which is based on
extensive investigation and
research to support the
process of decision making.
CASE STUDY
(or case report) is a
descriptive,
exploratory or
explanatory analysis
of a person, group or
event.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
1. To discover new facts about known
phenomena.
2. To find answers to problems which
are only partially solved by existing
methods and information.
3. Improve existing techniques and
develop new instruments or
products.
4. To discover previously unrecognized
substances or elements.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
5. Discover pathways of action
of known substances and
elements.
6. To order related, valid
generalizations into
systematized science.
7. To provide basis for decision-
making in business, industry,
education, government, and
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
8. To satisfy the researcher’s
curiosity.
9. To find answers to queries by
means of scientific methods.
10. To acquire a better and deeper
understanding about one
phenomenon that can be known
and understood better.
11. To expand or verify existing
knowledge.
PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
[Link] improve educational
practices for raising the
quality of school products.
[Link] improve health and
prolong life.
[Link] provide man with more of
his basic needs.
[Link] make work, travel and
communication faster.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
GOOD RESEARCH
Research gathers new knowledge
or data from primary or first-hand
sources.
Research is expert, systematic and
accurate investigation.
Research is logical and objective
Research endeavors to organize
data in quantitative terms
Research is carefully recorded and
reported.
CHARACTERISTICS OF
RESEARCH
Research is systematic.
Research is controlled.
Research is empirical.
Research is analytical.
Research is objective, unbiased and logical.
Research employs hypothesis.
Research employs quantitative or statistical methods.
Research is original work.
Research is done by an expert.
Research is accurate investigation, observation and
description.
Research is patient and unhurried activity.
Research requires an effort-making capacity.
Research requires courage.
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
According to goal
Basic or pure research is
done for the development of
theories or principles.
Applied research is the
application of the results of
pure research.
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
According to statistical content
Quantitative or statistical
research – is one in which
inferential statistics are utilized to
determine the results of the
study.
Qualitative research – in which
the use of quantity or statistics is
practically nil.
KINDS AND CLASSIFICATION
OF RESEARCH
According to time element
Historical research
describes what was
Descriptive research
describes what is
Experimental research
describes what will be
SOME HINDRANCES TO
SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY (ERRORS IN
PERSONAL JUDGMENT)
Tradition
Authority
Inaccurate observation
Overgeneralization
Selective observation
Made-up information
Illogical reasoning
Ego-involvement in understanding
Mystification
To err is human
Dogmatism (fanaticism)
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
OF RESEARCH
Determining the problem
Forming a hypothesis
Doing the library search
Designing the study
Developing the instruments for collecting
data
Collecting the data
Analyzing the data
Determining implications and conclusions
from the findings
Making recommendations for further
research.
PRINCIPLES OF
SCIENTIFIC METHOD
Rigid control – refers to the manipulation
of the research variables.
Objectivity – means that there should be
no bias or partiality in treating the results
of the inquiry.
Systematic organization – refers to
proper and accurate tabulation of data as
well as presenting them in statistical tables
ready for interpretation.
Rigorous standards – refers to setting up
of standards or principles which serve as
bases for evaluating the findings of a study.