Introduction to Operating

System

Kombolcha Institute of Technology (KIoT)

College of Informatics
Department of Information Technology
Study by:-
Bedru Y.

Dec ,2024
Wollo, Ethiopia
Presentation Outline
 Introduction to Operating System
 Function of Operating System
 Types of Operating System
Introduction to Operating System

• Crux of the problem

• you should already have some idea of what a
computer program does when it runs.
• So what happens when a program runs?
Introduction to Operating System

• Well, a running program does one very simple

thing:
• It executes instructions. Many millions (and
these days, even billions) of times every
second, the processor fetches an instruction
from memory,
• Decodes it (i.e., figures out which instruction
this is), and
• Executes it (i.e., it does the thing that it is
supposed to do, like add two numbers
together, access memory, check a condition,
Introduction to Operating System

• While a program runs, a lot of other wild things

are going on with the primary goal of making the
system easy to use.
• There is a body of software, in fact, that is
responsible for making it
• Easy to run programs (even allowing you to
seemingly run many at the same time)
• Allowing programs to share memory,
• Enabling programs to interact with devices,
• And other fun stuff like that.
• That body of software is called the operating
Introduction to Operating System

• Operating System defined as

• It is program which manages all the
computer hardware's.
• It provides the base for application program
• It acts as an intermediary between a user and
the computer hardware.
Introduction to Operating System

• An OS is a program which acts as an interface

between computer system users and the computer
hardware.
• It provides a user-friendly environment in which a
user may easily develop and execute programs.
• In a more simplistic approach, in fact, OS itself is a
program.
• But it has a priority which application programs
don’t have.
Introduction to Operating System

• OS uses the kernel mode of the microprocessor,

whereas other programs use the user mode.
• The difference between two is that; all hardware
instructions are valid in kernel mode, where some
of them cannot be used in the user mode.
Basic Functions of OS

• The OS manages these resources and allocates

them to specific programs and users.
• With the management of the OS, a programmer is
rid of difficult hardware considerations.
• An OS provides services for
• Processor Management
• Memory Management
• File Management
• Device Management
Basic Functions of OS

• Another aspect for the usage of OS is that; it is

used as a predefined library for hardware-software
interaction.
• This is why, system programs apply to the
installed OS since they cannot reach hardware
directly.
Basic Functions of OS…

• Processor management : OS decides which process

gets the processor when and for how much time. This
function is called process scheduling.
• Keeps tracks of processor and status of process.
The program responsible for this task is known as
traffic controller.
• Allocates the processor (CPU) to a process.
• De-allocates processor when a process is no longer
required.
Basic Functions of OS…

• Memory management : refers to management of

Primary Memory or Main Memory.
• Main memory provides a fast storage that can be
accessed directly by the CPU.
• Keeps tracks of primary memory, i.e., what part of
it are in use by whom, what part are not in use.
• Allocates the memory when a process requests it to
do so.
• De-allocates the memory when a process no longer
needs it or has been terminated.
• the OS decides which process will get memory
Basic Functions of OS…

• Device management : An Operating System manages

device communication via their respective drivers. It does
the following activities for device management .
• Keeps tracks of all devices. Program responsible for
this task is known as the I/O controller.
• Decides which process gets the device when and
for how much time.
• Allocates the device in the efficient way.
• De-allocates devices
Basic Functions of OS…

• File management : A file system is normally organized

into directories for easy navigation and usage. These
directories may contain files and other directions.
• Keeps track of information, location, uses, status
etc. The collective facilities are often known as file
system.
• Decides who gets the resources.
• Allocates the resources.
• De-allocates the resources.
Basic Functions of OS…

• Following are some of the important activities that

an Operating System performs −
• Security − By means of password and similar
other techniques, it prevents unauthorized access
to programs and data.
• Control over system performance − Recording
delays between request for a service and response
from the system.
• Coordination between other software's and
users − Coordination and assignment of compilers,
interpreters, assemblers and other software to the
Types of Operating System

• Batch operating system: It is one where programs and

data are collected together in a batch before processing
starts.
• To speed up processing, jobs with similar needs are
batched together and run as a group.
Types of Operating System

• Advantage of Batch system:-

• Scheduling is also simple in batch system
• Memory management in batch system is very
simple.
• The problems with Batch Systems are as follows −
• Lack of interaction between the user and the job.
• CPU is often idle, because the speed of the
mechanical I/O devices is slower than the CPU.
• Difficult to provide the desired priority.
• There may also be long turn around times
Types of Operating System

• Time-sharing operating systems or multitasking is

a logical extension of multiprogramming.
• Processor’s time which is shared among multiple
users simultaneously is termed as time-sharing.
• Multiple jobs are executed by the CPU by switching
between them, but the switches occur so
frequently.
• Thus, the user can receive an immediate response.
Types of Operating System

• Advantages of Timesharing operating systems are

as follows −
• Provides the advantage of quick response
• Avoids duplication of software.
• Reduces CPU idle time
• Disadvantages of Timesharing operating systems
are as follows −
• Problem of reliability.
• Question of security and integrity of user programs
and data.
• Problem of data communication.
Types of Operating System

• Another computer system is the multiprocessor

system having multiple processors sharing memory and
peripheral devices.
• With this configuration, they have greater computing
power and higher reliability.
• Multiprocessor systems are classified into two as tightly-
coupled and loosely-coupled (distributed).
Types of Operating System

• In the tightly-coupled one, each processor is assigned a

specific duty but processors work in close association,
possibly sharing the same memory.
• In the loosely coupled one, each processor has its own
memory and copy of the OS.
Types of Operating System

• In network systems, each process runs in its own

machine but the OS have access to other machines.
• By this way, file sharing, messaging, etc. became
possible.
• In networks System, users are aware of the fact that
s/he is working in a network and when information is
exchanged. The user explicitly handles the transfer of
information
Operating System as User Interface

• The operating system organizes application so that

users can easily access, use and store them.
• It provides a stable and consistent way for application
user having known details of the hardware.
• If the program is not functioning properly, application and
displays the appropriate error message.
Thank you for your
Attention !!