Scribd
Upload
13 views12 pages

Inductive and Electromeric Effects Explained

The document explains the inductive effect, which is the polarization of σ bonds due to the electron-withdrawing or donating effects of adjacent atoms or groups, and describes its two types: -I (electron-withdrawing) and +I (electron-releasing). It also covers the electromeric effect, which involves the complete transfer of π electrons in multiple bonds when approached by a reagent, detailing its two types: +E (electron pair shifts towards the attacking reagent) and -E (electron pair shifts away). Both effects are crucial in understanding molecular polarity and reactivity in chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

ryobaneemac
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
13 views12 pages

Inductive and Electromeric Effects Explained

The document explains the inductive effect, which is the polarization of σ bonds due to the electron-withdrawing or donating effects of adjacent atoms or groups, and describes its two types: -I (electron-withdrawing) and +I (electron-releasing). It also covers the electromeric effect, which involves the complete transfer of π electrons in multiple bonds when approached by a reagent, detailing its two types: +E (electron pair shifts towards the attacking reagent) and -E (electron pair shifts away). Both effects are crucial in understanding molecular polarity and reactivity in chemical reactions.

Uploaded by

ryobaneemac
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

INDUCTIVE EFFECT & ELECTROMERIC EFFECT

PREPARED BY
MR. NARAYAN P. PAWAR
(PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY)
Inductive effect
Definition:- The polarization of σ bond due to electron withdrawing or
electron donating effect of adjacent groups or atoms is called inductive
effect.
Or
It is defined as permanent displacement of shared electron pair in carbon
chain towards more electronegative atoms or group is called inductive
effect.

CH3 Cl CH3 Cl CH3⁺ᵟ-Cl⁻ᵟ


Methyl chloride
It involves σ electrons.
The σ electrons which forms a covalent bond are shared equally
between the two atoms.
The inductive effect (I effect) refers to the polarity produced in a
molecule as a result of higher electronegativity of one atom compared
to another.
This is because different atoms have different electronegativity values.
This introduce a certain degree of polarity in the bond.
The more electronegative atom acquires a small negative charge (-δ).
The less electronegative atom acquires a small positive charge (+δ).
H2 H2
H3C C C Cl
3 2 1

The inductive effect of C3 upon C2 is significantly less than the effect of


the chlorine atom on C1.
It is distance dependent.
There are two types:
1) Electron-withdrawing/ attracting inductive effect (-I Effect)
Those atoms or groups which withdraw electrons away from
another atoms are said to be –I effect.
e.g. –F, -Cl, -Br, -I, -OH, -NH2,….etc.
2) Electron- releasing/ losing inductive effect (+I effect)
Those atoms or groups which lose electrons towards another atom
are said to be +I effect.
e.g. (CH3)3C- , (CH3)2CH- , CH3-CH2- , CH3-

- Shifting of electrons in covalent bond from low electronegative atom


to high electronegative atom.
- Always sigma (σ) electrons are displaced (only occur in single boned).
- it is permanent effect.
Electromeric effect:-
Definition:- The electromeric effect (E effect) refers to the polarity
produced in a multiple bonded compound as it is approached by a
reagent.
when a double or a triple bond is exposed to an attacking by a
reagent, the two π electrons which form the π bond are completely
transferred to one atom or the other.
attacking
reagent
H2C CH2
e.g. H2C CH2

ethene
attacking
reagent
H2C CH2 H2C CH2

ethene
O O
attacking
reagent
H3C C CH3 H3C C CH3

Acetone

attacking
reagent H
H3C C CH2 H3C C CH2
H
propene
Their are two types of electromeric effect:
1) + E effect :
If electron pair shifted towards the site where attacking reagent to
be attached.
e.g.
H
H3C C CH2 + H H3C C CH3
H
propene attacking
reagent
O OH

H3C C CH3 + H H3C C CH3


Acetone attacking
reagent
2) – E effect :
If electron pair shifted away from the site where attacking
reagent to be attached.
e.g.
OH H
H3C C CH2 + H3C C CH2
H
attacking
propene reagent OH

O O

H3C C CH3 + CN H3C C CH3

Acetone attacking CN
reagent
Use of electromeric effect:

H3C C
1) H3C C N + H OH NH

acetonitrile OH
acetimidic acid
H
H3C C CH2 + HCN H3C C CH3
2) H
CN
prop-1-ene hydrogen cyanide isobutyronitrile

O OH

H3C C CH3 + HCN H3C C CH3


3)
CN
propan-2-one hydrogen cyanide 2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanenitrile
- Temporary effect, observed only in reaction.
- It involves the π electron.
- Displacement of pi (π) electron only.
- Only occur in presence of attacking reagent.
THANK YOU

You might also like