Chapter one -Introduction
Properties of reinforced concrete:
What is Concrete?
Concrete: -Concrete is stone like material
obtained artificially by hardening of the
mixture of cement, inert-aggregate
materials (fine & course) and water in
predetermined proportions.
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Properties of reinforced
concrete
The material called concrete in this Lecture
is made three or four basic ingredients,
usually called concrete making materials.
These materials for concrete are:
Hydraulic cement, usually portland
cement
Mineral aggregate(s)
Water
Admixture(s) (optional)
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Properties of reinforced….
When these ingredients are mixed, they
form a plastic mass which can be poured
in suitable moulds (forms) and set-on
standing into hard solid mass, as a result
of exothermic chemical reaction between
cement and water.
To produce a workable mix, more water is
used over and above that needed for this
chemical reaction.
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Properties of reinforced….
Concrete has been the construction material
used in the largest quantity for several decades.
The reason for its popularity can be found in the
excellent technical properties of concrete as well
as in the economy of this material.
It is also characteristic that the properties of
concrete ingredients have a major influence on
the fresh as well as hardened concrete.
Therefore, the selection of concrete-making
materials for a given purpose is quite important.
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Properties of reinforced….
In order to make this selection
intelligently, the selecting person should
be able to assess
concrete-making materials, and should
know what to select, how to select it, and
why to select it in a particular way. In
other words, he or she should be familiar
with the available types of each of the
concrete-making materials; the
significance and application.
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Compressive Strength of
concrete:
A wide range of strength properties can
be obtained for concrete by appropriate
adjustment of the proportions of the
constituent materials, using different
degree of the compaction and the
conditions of temperature and moisture
under which it is placed and cured.
Water-cement ratio is the main factor
affecting the strength of concrete, as
shown in the next slide.
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Compressive Strength of
concrete:
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Compressive Strength of
concrete:
Standard test specimens of 150mm
cube are taken at the age of 28days to
determine the compressive strength of
concrete according to Ethiopian
standard institution (ESI).
At age of 7days, concrete may attain
approximately about 2/3 of the full
compressive strength of concrete.
In some national standard (example ACI
code), cylinder specimens of 150mm
diameter by 300mm high are taken. 8
Compressive Strength of
concrete:
Although the load is applied uni-axially, the
friction between the loading plate and the
contact faces of the test specimen has more
effect on cube strength than the cylinder
strength.
Because of this, the cube strength gives
more strength than the true compressive
strength of concrete, whereas, cylinder
strength gives reasonably the true
compressive strength.
On average, cube strength is taken as 1.25
times cylinder strength.
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Tensile strength of concrete
Even though concrete is weak in
tension, its tensile strength is important
in a variety of items.
Shear and torsion resistance of RC
members primarily depend on tensile
strength of concrete. Further, the
conditions under which cracks form and
propagate on tension zone of RC flexural
members depend strongly on the tensile
strength of concrete.
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Tensile strength of concrete
Two methods are used to determine
tensile strength of concrete. These are :
1. Beam-test and
2. Split-cylinder test method.
According to EBCS-2, characteristic
tensile strength of concrete is obtained
using:
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f ctk 0.21 (0.8 f cu )
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Tensile strength of concrete
Beam test method, tensile strength of
concrete is obtained by loading plain
concrete test-beam laterally by two point
loads at the third points of test-beam until
the tension zone of the beam fracture.
Tensile strength of concrete is then
computed using flexural stress formula
M.c
I
in terms of modulus of rupture concrete.
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Tensile strength of concrete
Split-cylinder test method, tensile
strength of concrete is obtained by
loading standard plain concrete cylinder
along the side until the cylinder splits in
to two pieces. The tensile strength of
concrete is the computed by
2P
. d .l
based on the theory of elasticity for
homogeneous material in a bi-axial state
of stress. 13
Tensile strength of concrete
Whatever the method, it is known that,
the tensile strength of concrete is
relatively low, and it is about 10 to 15%
of compressive strength of concrete.
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Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement
Concrete may under go deformations
and volume changes with out
application of loading. This phenomenon
may be caused by shrinkage and
thermal-movement in fresh and
hardened concrete.
Shrinkage of concrete is liable to cause
cracking, but it has the beneficial effect
of strengthening the bond between the
reinforcing steel and the surrounding
concrete. 15
Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement
Shrinkage of concrete caused initially by
the absorption of water by cement and
aggregate, and further by evaporation of
water which rises to surface as a result
of capillary action.
During setting process the hydration of
cement causes a great deal of heat to
be generated, and as the concrete cools,
further shrinkage takes place due to
thermal contraction.
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Shrinkage and Thermal
Movement
Thermal shrinkage may be reduced by:
Using a mix-design with low cement
content. EBCS-2 specifies cement content
not to exceed 550kg/m3 of concrete.
Avoiding rapid hardening & finely ground
cement.
Keeping aggregate & mixing water cool, or
may be need to keep them under shade.
Maintaining the temperature & evaporating
water by proper curing.
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Creep of Concrete
Creep is the continuous deformation of a member
under sustained compressive stress over a
considerable length of time (under long-term
loading). It is a phenomenon associated with
brittle materials (concrete is a brittle material).
Creep deformation depends on the stress in
concrete, duration of loading and water-cement
ratio.
The effect of creep has to be considered in design
of reinforced concrete member subjected to
compressive stress mainly caused by long term
loading (dead load).
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Creep of Concrete
The effect of creep is particularly important in
beams, where the increased deformations may
cause the opening of cracks and damage of
finishes.
To reduce creep deformation, it is necessary to
provide nominal reinforcement in the
compression zone of the beam. The nominal
area of compression steel required by doubly
reinforced beam is about 0.4% of the area in
compression (which may be taken as 0.2% of
the whole area including tension zone).
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Creep of Concrete
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Reinforcing Steel
Steel reinforcements are available in the
form of round bars and welded wire
fabric.
The most commonly used bars have
projected ribs on the surface of bar. Such
bars are called deformed bars. The ribs of
deformed bar improve the bond between
steel and the surrounding concrete in RC
members by providing mechanical keys.
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Reinforcing Steel
A wide range of reinforcing bars is
available with nominal diameter ranging
6mm to 35mm.
Most bars except 6mm diameter are
deformed one. Some of the common bar
size with their application in concrete
works are given in table below.
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Not Available
Reinforcing Steel in the local
market
For stirrups For slabs For beams & columns
Diam.
(mm) 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 25 28
Area 0.28 0.50 0.785 1.13 1.54 2.01 2.52 3.14 3.8 4.9 6.2
(cm2)
Weigh 0.222 0.395 0.617 0.888 1.21 1.57 2.0 2.47 3.0 3.9 4.8
t
(kg/m)
Peri. 1.88 2.51 3.14 3.77 4.4 5.02 5.65 6.28 6.9 7.85 8.79
(cm)
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Strength of reinforcing
steel
Reinforcing steel is capable of resisting
both tension and compression.
Compared with concrete, it is a high
strength material. For instance, the
strength of ordinary reinforcing steel is
about 10 and 100 times, the
compressive and tensile strength of
common structural concrete.
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Strength of reinforcing
steel
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Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
It is known that plain concrete is quite
strong in compression, weak in tension.
On the other hand, steel is a high cost
material which able to resist both tension
& compression.
The two materials (plain concrete and
reinforcing steel) are best be utilized in
logical combination if steel bars are
embedded in the plain concrete in
tension zone close to the surface.
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Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
In this case, plain concrete is made to resist
the compressive stresses and reinforcing
steel resists the tensile stresses.
Both plain concrete and reinforcing steel
bar together assumed to act as one
composite unit and it is termed as
Reinforced concrete (RC).
The tensile stresses developed in the
section are transferred to reinforcing steel
by the bond between the interfaces of the
two materials.
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Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
In all RC members, strength design is
made on the assumption that concrete
does not resist any tensile stresses.
All the tensile stresses are assumed to
be resisted by the reinforcing steel
imbedded in tension zone.
Some times if necessary, reinforcing
steel is provided in compression zone to
assist the concrete resisting
compression in addition to reducing
creep deformation.
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Reinforced Concrete (as a
composite material)
Reinforcing steel and concrete may work readily in
combinations due to the following reasons.
1. Bond between the bars and the surrounding concrete
prevents slip of the bars relative to the concrete. Adequate
concrete cover for steel bar and embedment length of bar
are required to transfer stress between steel and concrete
without slipping.
2. Proper concrete mixes provide adequate impermeability of
concrete against bar corrosion.
3. Sufficiently similar rates of thermal expansion (0.00001/0C to
0.000013/0C for concrete and 0.000012/0C for steel)
introduce negligible stresses between steel and concrete
under temperature changes.
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Advantages of Reinforced
Concrete
It is monolithic. This gives it more rigidity.
It is durable. It does not deteriorate with
time.
While it is plastic, it can be moldable into
any desired shape.
It is fire, weather and corrosion resistant.
By proper proportioning of mix, concrete
can be made water-tight.
Its maintenance cost is practically nil.
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Disadvantages of Reinforced
Concrete:
It is difficult to demolish in case of repair
of modification.
It is too difficult to inspect after the
concrete has been poured.
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