Copyrights
•Legal protections granted to creators of original works in literature and
computer software.
•Governed by the Copyright Act, 1957 in India.
It can be used only by owner ,cannot be used by anyone and cannot be
published by anyone.(Publication , distribution and usage).
Rules:
Adaption(Changing a book into a film)
Reproduction(Making copies)
Translation(into other languages)
•These rights ensure that creator control how their work is used, shared, or
modified
Classes of Copyrights
Criteria for Copyright
• To qualify for copyright, a work must meet the following:
• Tangible Form: Must exist physically (even briefly).
• Originality: Must be created from independent thought, not copied.
• Creativity: Even minimal creativity qualifies. There’s no fixed threshold.
• Expression of Thought: The creator must express their own ideas.
• Even a scribbled speech draft can be protected if it reflects original
thought
❌ Examples That Do Not Qualify
• Changing the size of a book.
• Alphabetical phone directories (no creative selection).
OWNERSHIP OF COPYRIGHT
• Ownership depends on context:
• Individual Creator: Automatically owns the copyright.
• Employee Work: Employer owns the copyright if work is done under contract.
• Government Work: Owned by the government unless otherwise stated.
• Speeches: Speaker owns the copyright.
🔐 Using Copyrighted Material
• To use someone else's work, you must request permission from the legal owner.
Include:
• Title, author/editor, edition.
• Exact material and number of copies.
• Purpose (e.g., education, research).
• Distribution method (e.g., print, online).
• Whether it will be sold(commercial or non commercial purpose)
RIGHTS OF THE AUTHOR
• 💰 Economic Rights
• Allow the author to earn from their work:
• Reproduction (e.g., printing, recording).
• Distribution (e.g., selling copies).
• Public performance (e.g., plays, music).
• Broadcasting (e.g., radio, TV).
• Translation and adaptation (e.g., novel to screenplay).
• Moral Rights
• Protect the personal connection between author and work:
• Right of Paternity: Author retains name recognition even if rights are
sold.
• Right of Integrity: Author can prevent distortion or misuse of their work.
MULTIPLE RIGHTS HOLDER
• Some works involve many contributors:
• A musical recording may have:
• Lyricist
• Composer
• Singer
• Musicians
• Sound engineers
• Each may hold separate rights, making permissions
more complex.
SUMMARY
•Copyrights protect original, creative expression.
•Related Rights extend protection to performers and producers.
•Ownership depends on who created the work and under what conditions.
•Authors enjoy economic and moral rights, ensuring both financial and personal control.
•Permission is required to use copyrighted material, with clear documentation.