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97 views23 pagesData Analysis and Processing Guide
This document provides an overview of building economics and value management by Dr. Sarbesh Mishra. It introduces Dr. Mishra and his qualifications. It then discusses perspectives on time and quotes related to time from notable individuals. The document outlines the economic analysis and processes involved in capital investment decisions. It describes the importance of investment decisions and types of capital investments. Finally, it explains various investment evaluation criteria and techniques, including discounted cash flow methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index.
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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
97 views23 pagesData Analysis and Processing Guide
This document provides an overview of building economics and value management by Dr. Sarbesh Mishra. It introduces Dr. Mishra and his qualifications. It then discusses perspectives on time and quotes related to time from notable individuals. The document outlines the economic analysis and processes involved in capital investment decisions. It describes the importance of investment decisions and types of capital investments. Finally, it explains various investment evaluation criteria and techniques, including discounted cash flow methods like net present value, internal rate of return, and profitability index.
Uploaded by
Dr Sarbesh MishraCopyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT or read online on Scribd
- Introduction
- About Myself
- Related Thoughts
- Continued Thoughts
- Economic Analysis
- Processes
- Importance of Investment Decision
- Types of Capital Investment
- Investment Evaluation Criteria
- Cash Flows
- Opportunity Cost
- Investment Appraisal Techniques
- Risk Analysis as a Measure of Cost Control
- Probability and Expected Values
- Risk Adjusted Discounted Rate
- Conclusion
Building Economics and
Value Management
Dr Sarbesh Mishra
Finance Area, NICMAR
Hyderabad – 500 084.
About Myself
Name : SARBES H MI SHRA
Qualifications 1. [Link] (Hons)
2. Post-graduate in Commerce
3. [Link] in Commerce
4. Ph.D. (Commerce)
Experience : Joined University of Delhi, as a
Lecturer in Commerce in 2001 and
continued till 2005 and then joined
Army Institute of Management, NOIDA
as a Senior Faculty, Finance prior to
current appointment at NICMAR.
Related to Time (Thoughts)
My interest is in the future because I am
going to spend the rest of my life there.
Charles Franklin Kettering, Former Head-Research,
General Motors
The man should never be ashamed to own
that he has been in the wrong, which is but
saying in other words, that he is wiser today
than yesterday.
Jonathan Swift, Famous Satiric Writer, Ireland
Remember that time is money.
Benjamin Franklin, Noted Economist, USA
Contd….
You can’t get caught up in things that
you can’t control…….we can’t control
our selling price. We can control our
cost of manufacturing. We can control
our efficiencies. We can control our
waste.
Steven Appleton, CEO of Micro Technology
If you don’t know where you’re going, it
doesn’t matter how you get there.
Prof. Sarbesh Mishra, NICMAR, Hyderabad
Economic Analysis
To achieve maximum profitability
from the project concerned
To minimise construction costs
within criteria set for design, quality
and space
To maximise any social benefit
To minimise risk and uncertainty
To maximise safety, quality and
public image
Processes
Preparation, which includes understanding
the project, defining the client’s objectives
and collecting the appropriate data
Analysis, which requires an interpretation
of the available data and the formulation of
alternative solution
Evaluation, which is a combination of the
assessment of the suggested alternatives
and the identification of alternative solution
Decision Making, which involves choosing
to proceed with the course of action now
identified
Importance of Investment Decision
Influence the firm’s growth in long-term
They affect the risk of the firm
They involve commitment of large
volume of funds
They are irreversible, or reversible at
substantial loss
They are among most difficult decisions
to make.
Types of Capital Investment
Assets to meet regulatory, safety,
health, & environmental requirement.
Assets to enhance operating
efficiency and/or increase revenue.
Assets to enhance competitive
effectiveness.
Investment Evaluation Criteria
Estimation of Cash flows.
Estimation of required rate of
return (Opportunity cost of capital)
Application of decision rule for
making the choice
Cash Flows
Cash inflows or outflows occur at three
stages of capital investment project
Project Initiation (For beginning operations,
Working Capital needs, Replacement of asset)
Project Operation (Operating Expenditure, Addl.
Working capital need, inflow of cash generated by the
investment)
Final Project Disposal (Cash inflows or
outflows related to investment’s disposal, Cash inflows
from the release of working capital no longer committed to
the investment)
Opportunity Cost
Opportunity cost is the cost incurred (sacrifice)
by choosing one option over the next best
alternative (which may be equally desired). Thus,
opportunity cost is the cost of pursuing one choice
instead of another.
The opportunity cost of capital is the
expected return forgone by bypassing of other
potential investment activities for a given
capital. It is a rate of return that investors
could earn in financial markets otherwise
referred as second best alternative
Investment appraisal Techniques
Traditional Techniques
Payback Period Method
Accounting Rate of return Method
Discounted Cash flow Technique
Net Present Value method (NPV)
Internal Rate of Return Method (IRR)
Profitability Index Method (PI)
Traditional Techniques
Payback Period Method
Payback is the number of years required to
recover the original cash outlay invested in a
project.
Payback = Initial Investment
Annual Average Cash Flows
Project would be accepted if its payback period is
less than the maximum or standard payback
period set by management.
Accounting Rate of Return (ARR)
This measures the profitability of an
investment.
ARR = Average Income
Average Investment
Projects with higher ARR over the minimum
rate established by the management will be
accepted.
DCF Techniques
It explicitly recognizes the time value of
money.
Cash flows arising at different time periods
differ in their value and are comparable
when their present values are found out.
The compound interest rate is used for
discounting cash flows is also called as the
discount rate.
Net Present Value Method (NPV)
Cash flows of the invested projects should
be forecasted based on realistic
assumptions.
Appropriate discount rate should
identified to discount the forecasted cash
flows.
Present value of cash flows should be
calculated using the opportunity cost of
capital as the discount rate.
Net Present Value is found out by
subtracting present value of cash inflows.
NPV Formula
n
Ct
NPV = Ʃ - C0
t=1 (1+k)t
C1, C2 ….. Represent cash inflow in year 1,2 ….,
k is the opportunity cost of capital
C0 is the initial cost of investment
n is the expected life of the investment
* k is assumed to be known and is constant
Acceptance Rule
2. Accept the project when NPV is positive
4. Reject the project when NPV is negative
6. May accept the project when NPV is zero.
Higher the NPV, the better it is.
IRR and PI
The internal rate of return is the rate that
equates the investment outlay with the present
value of cash inflow received after one year.
The project shall be accepted if IRR is higher
than the opportunity cost of capital.
Profitability index is the ratio of the present
value of cash inflows, at the required rate
of return, to the initial cash outflow of the
investment.
Risk Analysis as a measure
of cost control
Uncertainty arises from the lack of previous
experience and knowledge. Attached factors
are:
Date of Completion
Level of capital outlay required
Level of selling price
Level of sales volume
Level of revenue
Level of Operating Costs
Taxation Rules
Probability and Expected Values
The probability of a particular outcome
of an event is simply the proportion of
times this outcome would occur if the
events were repeated a great number of
times.
Expected Values – It results from the
multiplication of each possible outcome of
an event by the probability of that
outcome occurring.
Risk Adjusted Discounted Rate
The capital asset pricing model (CAPM) has
provided an approach to determine project
required rate of return with risk
consideration.
A measure of risk developed in the portfolio
theory is beta (β).
RADR = Rf + Ri (K0 – Rf)
Rf = Risk free rate
K0 = Cost of Capital
Ri = Risk index of the project
THANK
YOU
