Biasing
What is biasing?
• The process of obtaining a certain DC
collector current at a certain DC collector
voltage by setting up the operating point is
called biasing.
• The process of forcing the transistor into an
active region is called biasing.
Need for biasing
• When an input ac signal is supplied to the
circuit, during positive half cycle of input (Vin >
VB ) then input junction becomes forward
biased results in current flows from emitter to
base then base to collector circuit.
Contd…
• During negative half cycle of input, junction
becomes reverse biased, so no current flows in
the circuit, results in negative cycle not
amplified.
Contd…
• To obtain faithful amplification the following
three conditions, needs to be satisfied,
i. emitter-base junction should be properly
forward biased
ii. collector base junction should be reverse
biased
iii. there should be proper zero signal
collector current
DC load line and operating point
• For proper operation of a transistor, whether
the signal is present or not, a fixed level of
current & voltages are required.
• These levels of voltages and currents define
the point at which the transistor operates. This
point is called Q-point
Contd…
• The value of base current increases the collector
current also increases, while the collector to emitter
voltage decreases and vice-versa.
• It means that the supply voltage VBB is adjusted from
maximum to minimum, the operating point moves up
and moves down along sloping straight line and
connecting all those points called DC load line.
Contd…
• The DC load line can be defined as a line on the
output characteristics of a transistor which gives the
values of IC & VCE corresponding to zero signal
condition.
• The load line intersects the horizontal axis at a point
marked as VCC which is called transistors cut-off point.
Contd…
• The load line intersects the vertical axis at a
point marked as IC is called transistor
saturation point. At this point the I C is
maximum and the VCE is very small.
Stability factor
• Defined as the degree of change in operating
point due to variation in temperature.
• Since there are three variables which are
temperature dependent, we can define three
stability factors
Stability factor (S)
• For a common emitter configuration collector
current is given as,
General procedure
1. Obtain the expression for IB
𝜕 𝐼𝐵
2. Obtain 𝜕 𝐼𝐶 and to get S
3. In standard equation of IC, replace IB in terms
of VBE to get S’
4. Differentiate the equation obtained in step 3
with respect to β’ to get S”