Computer Networks

NETWORK DEVICES
 Modem
The device which perform modulation and
demodulation in short it is called Modem

Modulati Computer
on to network Network to Demodulati
computer on

Digital to Analogue to
analogue Data digital
transmission transmission
“ We have digital signals in our computer and
the signals which go through cables are
analogue signals. So when the data has to be
transmitted, those digital signals are
converted to analogue signals.
MODEM WORKING PROCESS ”
In the form of 1,0
Digital Signals:
Analogue Signals: Like Frequency
 What is a Hub?

 A network hub is a device that allows multiple computers to

communicate with each other over a network. It has several
personal ports that are used to connect two are more
network devices together.
 It is also called a broadcasting devices as it sends data to all
the connected devices.
 Then whose address will match to the sender information
that will accept the data rest of them will discard it.
 What is a Switch?

 A switch is used to network multiple computers together.

 Switches are more advance than hubs, they are called
‘Smart Hubs’ or intelligent hubs.
 Switch has a functionality which can decide that data has to
be sent to which perticular client connected in LAN.
Repeater

 A repeater is an electronic device that relays a transmitted signal.

It receives a signal on a specific technology, then amplifies and
rebroadcasts it. By amplifying the signal, a repeater increases the
transmission range of the original signal.
 When the signals travels through wire or air they lose their original
frequency
 Repeater regenerates the original signals which we receive.
 Coper wires needs on about *50 m while optical wires on *100
m.
 If com1+com2> 100m } Needs a repeater…
Router

 This is a hardware device that routes data from a

local area network(LAN) to another network
connection. It works to find the best (shortest) path
from a source to destination.
Or
 It is a device which help us to connect multiple
networks together.
 Bridge: Bridge is a network device which works in data link layer. Bridge
connects two different LAN working on same protocol. Also In bridge, format of
packet is not changed.

Gateway-It converts the protocol. Gateway will settle for and transfer the packet across
networks employing a completely different protocol. In gateway, format of packet is
changed which oppose to the bridge.
Bridge and Gateway

 Bridge connects two or more  Gateway connects two or

local area networks(LANs) more wide area
together and overcomes the networks(WANs) together
differences between them in and overcome differences
terms of packet size and between them in terms of
protocol. packet and protocols.
 Used to connect LANs  Used to connect LANs
following same type protocols
following different type of
protocols
RJ- 45
Regi st er ed J ack - 45

It is an eight wire connector,

which is commonly used to
connect computers on the LAN.
Especially Ethernets.
Ethernet supports data transfer
rates up to 10 Mbps.
 NIC is a network adapter
used to set up a wired
network. It acts as an

NIC Network interface between computer

and the network

Interface Card
NIC card is a network adopter
used to setup a network.
Network can be wired or
wireless.
It acts as an Interface between
computer and the network. It
is a circuit board mounted on
the motherboard of a
computer.
Each NIC has a MAC address,
which helps in uniquely
identifying the computer on
the network.
Ethernet- It is
like a
internet/network
which shares
information to one
another.
The computers that
are part of ethernet,
have to install a
specific card called
Ethernet Card.
Ethernet card is a
type of NIC card.
Networking Protocols
A protocol is a standard set of rules
for formatting and processing data.
Protocols enables computers to
communicate with each other.
Networking Protocols
A protocol is a standard set of rules for formatting and processing data.
Protocols enables computers to communicate with each other.

SMTP
Simple Mail Transfer
Protocol
To send an email, the client
opens a TCP connection to
the SMTP server.

HTTP
HyperText Transfer
Protocol (HTTP) is a
protocol used which
transfer hypertext over
the Web.
HTTPS is just HTTP with
encryption.
 Protocols
FTP POP PPP
File Transfer Post Office Point to Point
Protocol Protocol Protocol
It stabilizes It provides a To connect
connections standard mechanism computers each
between the for retrieving emails other.
systems to transfer from a remote server
files. for a mail recipient.
Used for Uploading/ It manages all types
Downloading of of emails as Inbox,
files. Outbox etc.
Protocols
Telnet VolP HTTP
Teletype Voice over Internet Hyper Text Transfer
Network Protocol Protocol
It is a protocol that It is the protocol used It is the most
allows the user to when we call through important protocol
connect to a remote Internet. As video call, used in the internet.
computer program and
voice internet call, It connects to the
to use it.
WhatsApp call, zoom website by the
Gives access to remote meeting etc.
login on any computer. address entered by
the user in the
Can access desktop as address bar of the
external.
web browser.
Where to Place Server in a Network?
THERE IS A 80% : 20% RULE FOR A GOOD NETWORK DESIGN.
THAT MEANS 80% OF THE TRAFFIC ON A GIVEN NETWORK SHOULD
BE LOCAL(NEAR THE SERVER) AND 20% OF THE NETWORK TRAFFIC
SHOULD NEED TO MOVE ACROSS A BACKBONE.

SO IF A NETWORK CONNECTS THE COMPUTERS OF TWO OR MORE

THAN TWO BUILDINGS HAVING NUMBER OF COMPUTERS, THE
SERVER SHOULD BE THE BUILDING HAVING THE GREATEST
NUMBER OF COMPUTERS.
Twisted Pair
1. Low cast-It’s cheap.
2. Easy installation
3. No high speed data requirement.
[Link] over a short range
[Link] requires every 2 or 3
kms

Fibre Optics
• Cost doesn’t Matter
• Greater data capacity required
• Secured Transmission is
required
• Repeater requires every 10kms
Fiber Optic Cable-
It consist of a bundle of glass threads,
each thread is capable of transmitting
information modulated onto light waves.
common fibre optic cables are single-
node and multi-node.

Fiber Optics
• Cost doesn’t Matter
• Greater data capacity required
• Secured Transmission is required
• Repeater requires every 10kms
Comparison Table of Guided Media.
Type Sub Type Max Bandwid Installatio Cost Interferen
Segment th n ce
Length Supporte
d
Twisted UTP(Unshielde 100m 40 Gps Easy Cheapest High
Pair Cable d) 100m 500 Gps Moderate Moderate Moderate
STP(Shielded)
Coaxial Thinnet 185m 10 Mbps Easy Cheap Moderate
Cable Thicknet 500m 10 Mbps Hard moderate Low

Fibre Singlenode 2Km 100 Mbps Very hard Expensiv None

Optic Multinode 100km 2 Gbps Very hard e None
Cable Expensiv
e
Unguided Media

Infrared Radio Waves Microwave

Transmits data through The transmission using radio The Microwave
the air, can propagate waves. transmission is a line-of-
throughput a room, but • Radio wave transmission sight transmission(dish
can’t penetrate walls. offers mobility antenna to dish antenna).

Ex- TV remote, wireless • It offers ease of It consists of a transmitter,

speaker etc. communication over receiver, and the
difficult terrain. atmosphere.
o Insecure communication Transmits data over a long
distances(the higher the
o Susceptible to weather
effects like rain, storm etc tower the greater the
range).
Satellite

The satellite transmission is also kind of line-of-

sight transmission that is used to transmit signals
throughout the world.
Data Communication Technologies

 Channel- Channel is the medium used to carry information

or data from one point to another, (such as cable).
 Data Transfer Rate- The data transfer rate represents the
amount of data transferred per second by the
communication channel or computing or a storage device.
For example-
[bits per second(bps) or Baud],bytes/sec(Bps),kbps etc.
 Bandwidth
Bandwidth

• Data transfer rate that can be supported by a

network is called it’s bandwidth.
• Bandwidth is directly proportional to the amount of
data transmitted or received per unit.
• E.g. It takes more bandwidth to download an image
file in one second than to download a page or text in
one second.
• Units to measure the bandwidth are Herts(Hz), kilo
Hertz(KHz) and Mega Hertz(MHz).
• High bandwidth channels are called broadband channels
and low bandwidth channels are called narrowband
channels.
Switching Technologies
USED FOR TRANSMITTING DATA ACROSS NETWORKS

Three switching Techniques are:

 Circuit Switching
 Message Switching
 Packet Switching
SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

Message
Circuit Switching Switching Packet Switching
A complete physical Full message travels In this switching
connection is across different messages are divided
stabilised between the intermediate hops or into packets and fixed
sender and the switching offices. size of packets travel
receiver. across the network
Working process is
through different
End-to-end path store and forward.
paths.
(connection)
Mostly used for voice
communication.
 Circuit
Switching

Message
Switching

Packet
Switching
Virtual Physical
Address Address
 FIREWALL

A system or software
designed to prevent
unauthorised access to or
from a private network is
called firewall.
It also prevents from unsafe
incoming packets of
information and malicious
attacks.
Used for data and system
security purpose.
Static Webpages: Where the content remains same once
loaded from server.
Dynamic Webpages: Where the content once loaded from
the server is refreshed time to time.
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the first operational
packet-switching network and the precursor to the modern internet, connecting U.S.
military, government, and university researchers starting in 1969.

NSFNET, or the National Science Foundation Network, was a

high-speed internet backbone created by the U.S. National
Science Foundation (NSF) from 1985 to 1995 that was
instrumental in the development of the modern internet

Website- These are the collections of various webpages related to each other
available on the internet.

Web Browser- A browser is a software application that helps us to view the web pages on
the internet.
Ex – google Chrome, Internet explorer, Microsoft edge, Mozilla Firefox, opera mini etc