Detail

•
s
Name : Anil Singh
• Roll No : 1917118
• Branch : [Link]
• Semester : 7th
• College : Universal group of
institution
• Topic : Cancer
 What is
cancer?
• Definition
– a term used for diseases in which abnormal
cells divide without control and are able to
invade other tissues
• Cancer cells spread to other parts of
the body through the blood and
lymph systems
• Cancer is not just one disease but
many diseases
• More than 100 different types of
cancer
 Main
• Carcinoma Categories
- cancer that begins in the skin or
in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
number
There ofasubtypes of
are adenocarcino
carcinoma: ma,
basal cell carcinoma, squamous
cell carcinoma.
• carcinoma,transitional
Sarcoma
cell - cancer that begins in bone,
cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue.
• Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming
tissue such as the bone marrow and causes
large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be
produced and enter the blood.
• Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in
the cells of the immune system.
• Central nervous system cancers - cancers
that begin in the tissues of the brain and
spinal cord.
Causes
Cancer Consequences
- Cigarette smoking
- High health care
- Poor diet
costs for treatment
- Physical inactivity
- Lost work
- Occupation
productivity
al High risk - Insurance denial
exposures populations - Disability
- Viruses and - Poor
- Psychosocial
other - Less
problems
- biological educate - Treatment
Alcohol
agents d
- Racial and complications
- Reproductive
(eg. Increased
factors ethnic
risk of second
minorities
- Persons with cancers)
- Premature
Elderly
a family mortality
Cancer: causes, consequences,
history of and
high-risk populations
cancer
 Cancer
• staging
Based on the size or extent of the primary
(main) tumor and whether it has spread to
other areas of the body.
• Summary staging (in situ, local,
regional, and distant) is used for
descriptive and statistical analysis of
tumor registry data.
• Cancer cells are present only in the layer
of cells where they developed and have
not spread, the stage is in situ.
• If penetrated beyond the original layer
of tissue, the cancer is invasive and
categorized as local, regional, or distant
stage based on the extent of spread
 TNM
• staging
Assesses tumors in three ways:
– extent of the primary tumor (T)
– Absence or presence of regional lymph node
involvement (N)
– Absence or presence of distant metastases (M).

Once the T, N, and M categories are determined, a

stage of 0, I, II, III, or IV is assigned,
– stage 0 - in situ,
– stage I - early
– stage IV - the most advanced disease.

• Some cancers have alternative staging

systems (e.g., leukemia).
 Fact
• Mortality s
– In 2014, about 585,720 Americans are
expected to die of cancer (almost 1,600
people/day)
– Cancer: second most common cause of death
in the US, exceeded only by heart disease
• Survival
– 5-year relative survival rate for all cancers
diagnosed between 2003 and 2009 is 68%,
up from 49% in
1975-1977
– improvement in survival reflects both
progress in diagnosing certain cancers at
an earlier stage and improvements in
treatment
– Survival statistics vary greatly by cancer
type and stage at diagnosis.
 New cancer
cases
• 2010: more than one-half of all
new cancers-cancers of the
prostate, female breast, lung, and
colon/rectum.
• American Cancer Society
projections:
– 1,529,560 new cases of cancer in
2010
– 222,520 cases of lung cancer
– 217,730 cases of prostate cancer
– 209,060 cases of female breast
cancer
 Treatme
• nt
Types: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation
therapy, targeted therapy,
immunotherapy, hyperthermia, stem cell
transplant, photodynamic therapy, lasers,
blood product donation and transfusion
• Complementary and Alternative
Medicine: dietary supplements;
mind, body and spirit; herbs,
vitamins and minerals
• Palliative or Supportive Care: focuses on
helping patients get relief from symptoms
caused by serious illness – things like
nausea, pain, fatigue, or shortness of
breath
 Side
Effects
• Physical: Chemotherapy/Radiation
effects; pain; nausea & vomiting;
fatigue; anemia; lymphedema;
infection; fertility and sexual side
effects
• Emotional: distress, anxiety, fear
and depression, coping with loss
of a loved one
 Costs of
• cancer
Hidden costs of cancer: health insurance
premiums and nonmedical expenses
(transportation, child or elder care,
housekeeping assistance, wigs, etc.)
• Cancer has the most devastating economic
impact of any cause of death in the world
• Worldwide economic costs of cancer:
$895 billion (US)
• Cancer cost the United States an estimated
$263.8 billion in medical costs and lost
productivity in 2010 (National Institutes of
Health)
• With the growth and aging of the population,
prevention efforts are important to help
reduce new cancer cases, human suffering,
and economic costs
• The costs of direct medical care for
cancer: estimated to account for 5%
of national health care spending
• UnitedHealthcare, estimated that 11
percent of its costs are for cancer
care (IOM, 2013).
• National expenditures for cancer care
– $72 billion in 2004
– $125 billion in 2010
– Estimated to increase to $158 billion in
2020
 ACA
• Expand public coverage by removing the
Medicaid eligibility categories and raising the
income threshold.
• Allow all non-elderly, non-disabled citizens,
and legal
U.S. residents with family incomes below 133
percent of the federal poverty level (FPL), or
about $30,000 per year for a family of four, to
be eligible for Medicaid benefits.
• Extends coverage to low-income, childless
adults, providing them with access to
preventive care such as colon and breast
cancer screenings
• Anticipated that more people with cancer
can be diagnosed and treated at an
earlier stage, thus increasing their chance
for survival.
 Effective Cancer
Prevention
• Reduced risk by:_
– avoiding tobacco
– limiting alcohol use
– limiting exposure to ultraviolet rays from the
sun and tanning beds
– eating a diet rich in fruits and vegetables
– maintaining a healthy weight
– being physically active
– seeking regular medical care
• Screening: cervical, breast and colorectal
cancers
• Vaccine: HPV, Hepatitis B
Guidelines for the Early Detection of
Cancer
• Breast cancer
– Yearly mammograms starting at age 40
and continuing for as long as a woman
is in good health
– Clinical breast exam (CBE) about
every 3 years for women in their
20s and 30s and every year for
women 40 and over
– Breast self-exam (BSE) is an
option for women starting in their
20s
 Colorectal cancer and
polyps
• Beginning at age 50, both men and
women should follow one of these
testing schedules:
• Tests that find polyps and cancer
– Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
– Colonoscopy every 10 years
– Double-contrast barium enema every 5
years
– CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy)
every 5 years
• Tests that primarily find cancer
– Yearly fecal occult blood test (gFOBT)
– Yearly fecal immunochemical test
(FIT) every year
–
 Lung
cancer
• If you meet all of the following
criteria, might be a candidate
for screening:
– 55 to 74 years of age
– In fairly good health
– Have at least a 30 pack-year smoking
history AND are either still smoking or
have quit smoking within the last 15
years
 Prostate
cancer
• Starting at age 50, men should talk to
a doctor about the pros and cons of
testing so they can decide if testing is
the right choice for them.
• If they are African American or have
a father or brother who had prostate
cancer before age 65, men should
have this talk with a doctor starting at
age 45.
• If men decide to be tested, they
should have the PSA blood test with or
without a rectal exam.
• How often they are tested will
depend on their PSA level.
 A National Action Plan for
Cancer
• Survivorship
Achieve the cancer survivorship-related objectives in Healthy
People 2010 that include benchmarks for success in measuring
improvements for addressing ongoing survivor needs.
• Increase awareness among the general public, policy makers,
survivors, providers, and others of cancer survivorship and its
impact.
• Establish a solid base of applied research and scientific
knowledge on the ongoing physical, psychological, social,
spiritual, and economic issues facing cancer survivors.
• Identify appropriate mechanisms and resources for ongoing
surveillance of people living with, through, and beyond cancer.
• Establish or maintain training for health care professionals to
improve delivery of services and increase awareness of
issues faced by cancer survivors.
• Implement effective and proven programs and policies to
address cancer survivorship more comprehensively.
• Ensure that all cancer survivors have adequate access to
high-quality treatment and other post-treatment follow-up
services.
• Implement an evaluation methodology that will monitor
quality and effectiveness of the outcomes of initiatives.
 Translational
Researches
• Intervention Research:
Accelerating the Translation of
Knowledge to Improve Cancer
Related Fatigue Outcomes
• The Reflected Light of Steve
Jobs: A Brighter Future for
Pancreatic Cancer
• Viruses, Bacteria, and Cancer, or
It’s Not All Smoke and Sunlight