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 Unit Two
Hardware and Network Peripherals
2.1 Introduction to Computer
 A computer is a powerful electronic device that can perform various tasks, process
data, and execute instructions.
 A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in order
to expand its abilities.

Buses
 A bus is a subsystem that transfers data between computer components inside a
computer or between computers.
 Unlike a point-to-point connection, a bus can logically connect several peripherals
over the same set of wires.
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 There are two types of buses: internal and external.
Internal
 Internal buses are connections to various internal components.
Types of Slots
 Different computers come with different kinds and number of slots.
PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect)
 It is common in modern PCs.
 This kind of bus is being succeeded by PCI Express.
 Typical PCI cards used in PCs include: network cards, sound cards, modems, extra
ports such as USB or serial, TV tuner cards and disk controllers.
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PCI Express
 It was designed to replace the general-purpose PCI expansion bus and the AGP
graphics card interface.
 PCI express is not a bus but instead a point-to-point connection of serial links
called lanes.
 PCI Express cards have faster bandwidth then PCI cards which make them more
ideal for high-end video cards.
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PCI Slots
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AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port)

 It is a high-speed point-to-point channel for attaching a graphics card to a
computer’s motherboard, primarily to assist in the acceleration of 3D computer
graphics.
 AGP has been replaced over the past couple years by PCI Express.
 AGP cards and motherboards are still available to buy, but they are becoming
less common.
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AGP Slot
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Types of Cards
Video Card
 It is also known as graphics card
 It is an expansion card whose function is to generate and output images to a display.
 Some video cards offer added functions, such as video capture, TV tuner adapter,
ability to connect multiple monitors, and others.
 A video card also has a RAMDAC (Random Access Memory Digital-to-Analog
Converter) which takes responsibility for turning the digital signals produced by the
computer processor into an analog signal which can be understood by the computer
display.
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Graphics Card
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Sound Card
 A sound card is an expansion card that facilitates the input and output of audio
signals toa computer under control of computer programs.
Network Card
 It is an expansion card that allows computers to communicate over a computer
network.
 It allows users to connect to each other either by using cables or wirelessly.
 Every Ethernet network card has a unique 48-bit serial number called a MAC
address, which is stored in ROM carried on the card.
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Network Card
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External
Types of Connections
USB (Universal Serial Bus)
 It is a serial bus standard to interface devices.
 USB was designed to allow many peripherals to be connected using a single
standardized interface socket and to improve the plug-and-play capabilities by
allowing devices to be connected and disconnected without rebooting the computer.
Fire wire
 Firmware (technically known as IEEE 1394 and also known as i. LINK for Sony) is
a serial bus interface standard for high-speed communications and isochronous real-
time data transfer, frequently used in a personal computer.
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USB Connectors

Fire wire Cable

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PS/2
The PS/2 connector is used for connecting some keyboards and mice to a PC
compatible computer system.
PS/2 Ports

Devices
 Removable Storage
 CD  Floppy drives
 DVD  Flash driver

Non-removable Storage

Hard driver
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 Input
 Mouse  Microphones
 Keyboard  Fingerprint readers
 Webcam  Scanner

 Output
 Monitor  Speakers

 Printers  Plotter
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2.1.1. Generation Of computers
There are five generation of computer
1. First Generation (1940-1959)
Limited storage capacity
 Its size is Room size
Slow speed
 Mainframe computer Problem of over heating
Programming over heating
 It uses Vacuum tube for electric circuit
2. Second Generation (1959-1964)
 High level programming language
 Its size is closest size
 Increased storage capacity
 Mainframe computer  Reduction in size & heat
 It uses transistor & diode electric circuit
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[Link] Generation (1965-1970)
 More flexible with input/output
 Its size is Desk size  Smaller size & better performance
 Mini computer
 It uses instigates semiconductor circuits
[Link] Generation (1970- present)
 Its size is Desktop to handheld Modular design versatility &
compatibility
 It uses very large-scale instigated circuit Increased uses of microcomputers
 Increase storage (PC’s)
5. Fifth Generation (present and beyond)
Its size is small card size  VLSI superconductor or circuits
Micro  Artificial intelligences & Robotics
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2.1.2. Characteristics of a Computer System
 Speed  Security
 Accuracy  Reliability
 Storage capacity  Scalability
 Versatility  Compatibility
 Automation  Upgradeability
 Power of remembering
 Diligence- free from tiredness
 No IQ ((Intelligence Quotient)- cannot do any work without instruction
 No Feeling- does not get tired even after long hours of work.
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2.1.3. Classification of computers
 Based on their size, storage and speed there are four types of computers:
1. Microcomputer 3. Mainframe computer
2. Minicomputer 4. Super computer

 Based on methods of operation, this category of computer has three types:

1. Analog Computer
 It is a type of computer that was used to process continuous data.
2. Digital Computer
 Digital computers transmit the data on a discrete value.
3. Hybrid Computer
 Hybrid computer has characteristics of both analog and digital computer.
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 Based on their application, they are classified as
[Link] purpose
Special purpose computers are designed to solve a single problem.
Examples:
 Pocket-calculators
 The public telephone box  Counters and so on.
 Road Traffic control and safety system
 Ticket machines (used in grocery, super market etc.)
2. General-purpose computers
General-purpose computers are designed to solve a variety of problems.
Examples include:
 Microcomputers  Mainframe Computer
 Supercomputers etc.
 Minicomputers
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2.1.4. Application of computers
Computers have a wide range of applications in various fields and industries.
Here are some common applications of computers:
 Education. Health Care
 Communication industry. Process control.
 Transport industry.  Industries/ Banks/Insurance industries
 Library services. Supermarkets.
 Multimedia applications.  Research.
 Defense/Police (Law enforcement agencies). Engineering Design
 Government Institutions.
 2.2 Organization of computer systems
 The organization of computer systems ensures efficient data flow, storage, &
communication, enabling the computer to function effectively and provide the
desired functionality to users.
2.2.1. Organization of computer systems
 Computer systems are organized into various components that work together to
perform tasks and process information.
 The organization of computer systems typically includes the following components:
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Organization of Computer
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2.2.2. Computer Ports & Cables
Computer ports and cables are essential for connecting various devices and peripherals
to a computer system. They facilitate data transfer, power supply, and communication
between devices.
Here are some commonly used ports and cables:
[Link] (Universal Serial Bus) Ports:
 USB ports are widely used for connecting devices such as keyboards, mice, printers,
external hard drives, smart phones, and other peripherals.
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2. HDMI (High-Definition Multimedia Interface) Port:
 HDMI ports are used to connect computers to external displays, such as monitors,
TVs, and projectors.
 They transmit high-quality audio and video signals, allowing for seamless
multimedia playback.
3. Display Port:
 It is another video interface used for connecting computers to monitors and other
display devices.
 It supports high-resolution video and audio, and can also carry data signals.
4. Ethernet Port:
 It is, also known as RJ-45 ports, are used for wired network connections.
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[Link] Ports:
 It allows for the connection of headphones, speakers, microphones, & other audio
devices.
 They can be 3.5mm audio jacks or specialized ports for specific audio needs.
[Link] (Video Graphics Array) Port:
 VGA ports are older analog video ports used for connecting computers to displays.
 While they are less common now, some older monitors and projectors still use VGA
connections.
7. DVI (Digital Visual Interface) Port:
 DVI ports are used for digital video connections and can support both analog and
digital signals.
 They are commonly found on older monitors and graphics cards.
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[Link] Port:
 Thunderbolt ports are high-speed ports that can transmit both data and video signals.
 They are often found on Apple computers and allow for the connection of various
peripherals, such as external hard drives and monitors.
[Link] Port:
 Power ports are used to connect the computer to a power source.
 They vary depending on the computer model, with some using AC power adapters
and others using DC power connectors.
 2.3 Safe Work Conditions and Procedures

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2.3.1. General Safety Guideline
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 Keep the workspace clean and organized:
Keep the area around the computer free from liquids & food to avoid spills & damage
to the equipment.
 Use surge protectors and uninterruptible power supplies (UPS):
These helps prevent damage to the equipment and data loss.
 Regularly back up important data:
This protects against data loss in the event of hardware failure, malware attacks, or
other unforeseen circumstances.
 Use reputable antivirus software:
Install and regularly update antivirus software to protect your computer from malware,
viruses, and other security threats
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 Be cautious when opening email attachments or clicking on links:
Exercise caution when opening email attachments or clicking on links, especially from
unknown or suspicious sources.
Verify the sender's identity before downloading or opening any file.
 Create strong and unique passwords:
Consider using a password manager to securely store and manage your passwords.
 Be mindful of ergonomics:
Maintain proper posture and ergonomics while working at the computer.
Sit with your back straight, feet flat on the floor, and wrists in a neutral position.
Adjust your chair, desk, and monitor height to ensure a comfortable and ergonomic
setup.
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 Take regular breaks:
Take regular breaks from computer work to prevent eye strain, fatigue, and
musculoskeletal issues.
 Adjust display settings:
Adjust the brightness, contrast, and font size on your computer screen to ensure optimal
visibility and reduce eye strain.
 Secure your computer and accounts:
Use strong passwords or biometric authentication to lock your computer when not in
use.
Enable automatic updates for your operating system and software to ensure you have
the latest security patches.
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 Be cautious of social engineering attacks:
Be vigilant against social engineering attacks, such as phishing attempts or phone
scams.
Be skeptical of unsolicited requests for personal or financial information and verify the
authenticity of requests before providing any sensitive data.
 Report any suspicious activity or security incidents:
If you notice any unusual activity, security breaches, or suspicious behavior on your
computer or network, report it to your IT department or system administrator
immediately.
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2.3.2. Fire Safety Guideline
Fire safety is crucial when it comes to computer use to prevent accidents, protect
equipment, and ensure the safety of individuals in the vicinity.
Here are some fire safety guidelines for computer users:
1. Electrical safety:
 Use surge protectors and avoid overloading electrical outlets.
 Regularly inspect power cords and plugs for any signs of damage or wear. Replace
damaged cords immediately.
 Do not run cables or cords under carpets or rugs, as this can cause overheating.
 Avoid using extension cords for computer equipment whenever possible
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2. Proper ventilation:
 Ensure that computer equipment, including desktop computers and servers, are
placed in well-ventilated areas and not obstructed by objects that could restrict
airflow.
 Avoid placing items on top of or around computer equipment that could block
ventilation and cause overheating
3. No smoking policy:
 Prohibit smoking in areas where computers and electronic equipment are
present to prevent the risk of fire caused by discarded cigarette butts or ashes.
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4. Adequate fire protection and suppression:
 Install smoke detectors in the vicinity of computer equipment and ensure they
are regularly tested and maintained.
 If feasible, install fire suppression systems, such as automatic sprinklers, in
areas with computer servers or other critical equipment.
5. Knowledge of evacuation procedures:
 Familiarize yourself with the fire evacuation procedures of your workplace or
building. Know the location of fire exits, assembly points, and fire
extinguishers.
 Ensure that pathways to fire exits are clear and unobstructed.
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[Link] extinguisher awareness:
 Know the locations of fire extinguishers in your workspace and understand how
to use them correctly.
 If you notice a small fire that can be safely extinguished, use the appropriate
fire extinguisher and follow the PASS method: Pull the pin, Aim at the base of
the fire, Squeeze the handle, and Sweep from side to side.
7. Reporting hazards:
 Promptly report any fire hazards, malfunctioning electrical equipment, or
potential fire risks to your supervisor, manager, or the appropriate authority in
your organization.
 If you observe signs of electrical issues, such as sparks, smoke, or unusual
smells, disconnect the equipment and immediately notify the responsible
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8. Backup and off-site storage of data:
 Regularly backup important data and ensure the backups are stored off-site or
in a secure location.
 This protects against data loss in the event of a fire or other emergencies.
Remember, fire safety is a shared responsibility. It is important to follow organizational
fire safety protocols, participate in fire drills, and stay vigilant to prevent and respond
effectively to fire hazards
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2.3.3. Equipment Protection
Certainly! Here's a breakdown of equipment protection, including ESD protection,
types of power fluctuations, and power protection devices:
[Link].ESD Protection:
ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) is a sudden flow of electricity between two objects
caused by a static charge imbalance.
It can damage sensitive electronic components.
To protect equipment from ESD:
 Grounding  ESD mats and flooring
 ESD wrist straps  ESD bags and containers
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[Link].Types of Power Fluctuations:
Power fluctuations can be categorized into the following types:
 Voltage Sag: A short-term drop in voltage, typically caused by sudden
increases in power demand or faults in the power distribution system.
 Voltage Surge: A brief increase in voltage, often caused by lightning strikes,
switching operations, or faults in the power grid.
 Voltage Spike: A rapid increase in voltage that lasts for a short duration,
usually caused by switching off high-powered electrical devices or sudden load
changes
 Voltage Interruption: A complete loss of power supply for a brief period due
to faults, outages, or tripped circuit breakers.
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 Voltage Transient: Sudden, brief fluctuations in voltage caused by electrical
disturbances, such as lightning, electromagnetic interference (EMI), or
switching operations.
[Link].Power Protection Devices:
To safeguard equipment against power fluctuations and electrical disturbances, various
power protection devices can be used:
 Surge Protectors  Automatic Voltage Regulators (AVR)
 Power Filters
 Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS)
 Voltage Regulators
 Isolation Transformers
 Line Conditioners
 2.4. Environment Protection
 Proper disposal procedures in a computer perspective refer to the
appropriate and environmentally responsible methods of getting rid of
computer equipment and electronic waste.
 This includes recycling programs, engaging authorized e-waste recyclers,
securely erasing data, considering donation or resale options, utilizing
manufacturer take-back programs, disassembling components for
recycling, handling hazardous materials, and complying with relevant
regulations.
 These procedures aim to minimize environmental impact, prevent
pollution, and promote sustainable practices in the disposal of computer
equipment