Examples

Wind load on wall and roof

 Wind load on wall
• The building illustrated in Figure 1 below is to be
located in the centre of Bahir dar on a site surrounded
by buildings of similar height. It is an apartment
building with internal partitions.
• Elevation above sea level 1800m
(a) Determine the total moment due to wind at the base of
the north and south masonry walls.
(b) Calculate the maximum pressure on the east masonry
wall.
Wind load on wall
 Wind load on wall
Solution
• The reference pressure and exposure
coefficient are first calculated.
• Reference pressure
The basic reference wind velocity can be taken as
22m/s . Assuming values of unity for cDIR, cTEM
and cALT, the reference wind velocity is also 22
m/s. Hence the reference wind pressure is,
 Wind load on wall
1 2
Qref = 2v ref

= (0.97)(22)2
= 234.74 N/m2

• Exposure coefficient
As the height exceeds the breadth but is less than twice its
value, the building is considered in two parts, as illustrated in
Figure 2 below. The reference heights for external pressure
are thus:
ze = h = 20m and
ze = b = 12m
 Wind load on wall
• As the building is located in an area of Roughness Category 4
(refer to Table 4.1), kT = 0.24, z0 = 1m and zmin = 16m.
Equation of roughness coefficient gives:
Cr(20) = kTLn(20/z0)
= 0.24 Ln(20/1)
= 0.719
Cr(12) = cr(zmin)
= 0.24 Ln(16/1)
= 0.666
 Wind load on wall
• Taking a topography coefficient of unity, the exposure
coefficients become:
 Wind load on wall
• External pressure
It can be seen from Figure 3 that only zones D and E are of
interest in this example. The ratio d/h is 10/20 = 0.5. Hence
from Table 4.3:
cpe(Zone D) = +0.8
cpe(Zone E) = -0.3
• At the reference height of 20m, the external pressure on zone D
is:
• we = ce(20)cpeqref
= 1.7250.80.235
= 0.324kN/m2
 Wind load on wall
• The corresponding force on the upper part of zone D is
0.324(128) = 31.1kN.
• At the reference height of 12m, the external pressure on
zone D is
we = ce(12)cpeqref
= 1.5630.80.235
= 0.294 kN/m2
and the corresponding force is 0.294(1212) = 42.34kN.
• The corresponding force for zone E are -11.66kNand -
15.88kN for the upper and lower parts respectively. These
forces are illustrated in Fig,-2.
 Wind load on wall
. 11.66

W
8
N
31.1
E

20 15.888
16

12

42.34
6

10

12

. Fig.-2 Forces due to east wind

 Wind load on wall
(a) Accordingly, the overturning moment at the
base of the north and south walls due to wind
is given by:
Moment = (31.1+11.66)16 + (42.34+15.88)6
= 1033.48 kN-m
• Of this, half will apply at the base of each of
the two walls.
 Wind load on wall
(b) To determine the total pressure on the east wall, it is necessary to
calculate the internal as well as the external pressure. As there are
internal partitions, the worst value for cpi is assumed, that is , cpi = -
0.5. The maximum pressure will occur in the lower part of zone D.
In this part of the building the mean height of the windows will be
assumed to equal the mean height of the part. Hence:
• Zi = 6m
• The exposure coefficient at this height is calculated as before and is
1.563. Thus:
wi = ce(zi)cpiqref
= 1.563(-0.5)(0.235)
= -0.18
 Wind load on wall
• The net pressure on the lower part of zone D is
the difference between the external and the
internal pressures, that is:
we – wi = 0.294 –(-0.18) = 0. 474kN/m2
and the corresponding force will be
F = 0.474*12*12= 68.256kN
 2. Wind load on roof

• The building shown below is to be built in a sloped terrain

in Hawassa.
• The details of the terrain and the position of the building
are shown in the figure.
• The building is meant for a lather shop inside of which has
no partition walls. Six windows of 2.5m * 2.75m size are
provided in each of the longer sides. Two windows of
2.0m * 2.75m size and one door of 2.5m * 3m are provided
in each of the shorter sides of the building.
• Elevation of the existing ground level at the building site is
1720m.
 Wind load on roof
• Calculate the wind load acting on the middle truss in
the roof truss assembly. The trusses are spanning in the
short direction of the building at 3m centers. The shape
of the roof truss is also shown in the figure.
 1.6 m

4.5 m
30 m

. 12 m
Elevation
12 m
Plan

30 m
Side elevation

1.6 m

12 m
Truss

Wind
30 m
200 m

500 m
Terrain detail with position of the building
 Wind load on roof
(1) Basic value of wind velocity for Ethiopia vref,o = 22 m/sec

(2) Reference wind velocity vref = CDIR CTEM CALT vref,o = 1 * 1 *

1 * 22 = 22 m/sec
•CDIR = CTEM = CALT = 1 → shall be taken as per EBCS 1
 Wind load on roof
(3) Reference wind pressure qref
• To calculate the air density, the altitude is considered at the mid
height of the building.
• The altitude = 1720 m + (4.5+1.6)/2 = 1723.05m
• For an altitude of 1500 m → Air density ρ = 1.0 kg/m 3
• For an altitude of 2000 m → Air density ρ = 0.94 kg/m 3
• For an altitude of 1723.05 m → Air density ρ = 0.9732 kg/m 3
(interpolated value)
• Reference wind pressure qref = ½ ρ vref2 = ½ * 0.9732 * 222 = 235.5 N/m2
 Wind load on roof
(4) External wind pressure We = qref Ce(ze) Cpe
• Exposure coefficient Ce(ze):
 Wind load on roof
• In our problem, Hawassa can be considered as a sub
urban area/ industry zone and therefore the terrain
category falls as category III
• For terrain category III, Zmin = 8 m
• Z = Reference height - can be taken as the overall
height of the building = 6.1 m
• Therefore, Z < Zmin ; Cr (z=) Cr ( zmin )
Cr (z ) = 0.72
 Wind load on roof
.
Wind load on roof
Wind load on roof
Wind load on roof
 Wind load on roof
• Values of Cpe are given in table A4 in appendix A, for different values of
pitch angle α and for zone area above 10 m 2 and zone area below 1 m2.
• In the areas of different zones above, area F is in between 1 m 2 and 10
m2.
• For this area F, Cpe is determined from the figure A1 of appendix
A.
• Cpe for Area F = Cpe1 + (Cpe10 - Cpe1) log10A; For area F, Cpe1 = -2.0 &
Cpe10 = -0.9 (Table A4)
• Cpe for Area F = -2.0 + (-0.9 – (-2.0)) log103.721 = -0.5136
• All the other areas are more than 10 m 2, therefore, Cpe for all other areas
= Cpe10
• The corresponding values are taken from the table A4.
 Wind load on roof
• Internal pressure coefficient Cpi:
• Internal pressure coefficient Cpi for buildings without internal
partitions is based on the value

• ΣArea of openings at the leeward and wind parallel side

= (6*2.5*2.75) + (4*2.0*2.75) + (2*2.5*3.0) = 78.25m2
• ΣArea of openings at the windward, leeward and wind parallel
side
= 78.25 + (6*2.5*2.75) =119.5m2
 Wind load on roof
78.25
. 
119.5 = 0.6548; For μ = 0.6548, the value of
Cpi from figure A11, = -0.125
The summary of the Cpe and Cpi values are shown below in a table
Zone F G H I J

Area (m2) 3.721 29.158 143.4 143.4 36.6

Cpe (-ve) -0.5136 -0.8 -0.3 -0.4 -1.0

Cpe (+ve) 0.2 0.2 0.2 ------ -----

Cpi -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125 -0.125

(Cpe - Cpi) +ve 0.325 0.325 0.325 0.125 0.125

(Cpe - Cpi) –ve -0.3886 -0.675 -0.175 -0.275 -0.875

 Wind load on roof
• In the problem it is asked to calculate the wind load on the
roof truss which is at the middle of the roof truss assembly.
The middle truss is spanned across the zones G,H,I and J. Out
of the zones, coefficient for J is critical; hence the load on roof
truss is considered based on the critical value.
• Wnet = We – Wi = qref Ce(z) [Cpe – Cpi] = 0.2355 * 1.749 * [-1 – (-0.125)]
= -0.360 kN/m2
• This Wnet acts on the roof covering, which is supported by
purlins. Purlins are supported by the truss. Consider purlins
to be supported at each and every joint of the principal rafter
of the truss. The figure below shows the load transfer path.
Wind load on roof
 Wind load on roof
• Load transferred to the purlin from the roof covering
= - 0.360 * 1.5524 = -0.559 kN/m
• Load transferred over the intermediate joints of principal rafter
of truss
= -0.559*3 = -1.68 kN
• Load transferred over the end joints of principal rafter of truss
= -1.68/2 = -0.84 kN
• These loads are perpendicular to the principal rafter of the
truss.
Wind load on roof
Thank you