Computer
Application
Chapter 1
Shouaib Issa
Chapter Outline
Computer Literacy
Information Hierarchy
Types of Computer
IPOS Cycle
Types Of Software
Defining Characteristics of Software
Malicious Software's
Icebreaker: Interview Simulation
Technology
has advanced at a breakneck pace in recent decades. In
addition, the use of technology has skyrocketed. It has
become increasingly important in our society and impossible
for us to fathom living without it.
Discuss the impact of technology on our society. Give
examples to support your point of view.
Data: Raw, unprocessed
Characteristic:
facts, figures, or symbols Unorganized.
(e.g., 75, 82, 95).
Data vs. Information: Data
Informatio organized and structured
in a meaningful context
Characteristic:
n vs. (e.g., "Alice's test scores
Contextualized.
are 75, 82, 95").
Knowledge
Knowledge: Applied
understanding of
information used to Characteristic:
make decisions (e.g., Action-oriented.
"Alice excels in language
subjects").
Computer Literacy
Digital Literacy Means A digital citizen is A computer is an
Acquiring Current Knowledge a person familiar with electronic device that
And Understanding Of how to use technology operates under the
Computers, Mobile Devices, to become an educated control of
The Web, And Related and productive member instructions stored in
Technologies. of the digital world.· its memory and can
accept and process
data to produce
information for future
use.
Hardware: The
Examples: CPU, Monitor,
physical, tangible Keyboard, Circuit Boards.
components.
Computer
Components
Software: The
intangible instructions Examples:
Windows OS,
(programs) that tell Microsoft Word,
the hardware what to Video Games.
do.
Input: Receives data (e.g., keyboard, Mouse,
Microphone, Camera, Scanner).
Comput Processing: Executes instructions (e.g., CPU :
arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) ).
er Output: Presents results (e.g., displaying 2
Hardwar + 2 = 4).
Monitory, Display, Printer, Projector, speaker.
e
Computer hardware is Storage: volatile Memory (RAM & ROM), Hard
Disk Saves data for later use (e.g., saving to a
the collection of physical
elements that hard drive).
constitutes a computer
Communication Devices: enable a computer
system.
to send and receive data, instructions, and
information to and from one or more, (Router,
Switch, hub)
Types of Computer
Modern Computers: Scale and
Power
Supercomputer: Fastest, used for
complex simulations (e.g., weather
forecasting).
Mainframe: Large systems for huge
volumes of data (e.g., bank
transactions).
Minicomputer: Mid-range systems
for shared network processing.
Microcomputer: Personal computers
for single-user tasks.
Supercomputer
s
A supercomputer is the fastest,
most powerful computer
• Fastest supercomputers are
capable of processing more
than one quadrillion
instructions in a single
second
Mainframe
• A mainframe is a large,
expensive, powerful
computer that can handle
hundreds or thousands of
connected users
simultaneously
Server Computers
A server controls
access to the hardware,
software, and other
resources on a network
• Provides a
centralized storage
area for programs,
data, and
information
Personal
Computers
• A personal computer
can perform all of its
input, processing,
output, and storage
activities by itself
• Two popular
architectures are the
PC and the Apple
• Desktop computer
Mobile Computers /
Devices
Personal computer you can carry from place
to place
Computing device small enough to hold in
your hand
Desktop PC: Fixed, high power, easy
upgrades.
Laptop/Notebook: Portable, built-in
components.
The
Tablet: Touchscreen interface,
Microcompute content consumption.
r Landscape
Smartphone: Mobile networking,
communication, photography.
Wearable: Smallest, used for health
and notifications (e.g., Smartwatches).
Which computer is typically used in large
organizations like banks and airlines to
Discussio
store huge data?
A. Laptop
B. Mainframe
n
C. Tablet
D. Desktop
IPOS Cycle
Input Devices allow data and
instructions to enter the system.
Keyboard & Mouse: Primary text
and cursor control.
Feeding
Data In
Scanner: Converts physical
documents/images to digital files.
Microphone & Webcam: Captures
sound and video data.
Output Devices convert processed data
into human-understandable forms.
Monitor/Display: Shows visual information
(text, graphics, video).
Presenting Printer: Creates physical paper copies
the Results (hard copy).
Speakers: Converts digital signals to
audible sound.
Projector: Displays output onto a large
screen.
The System Unit
The inside of the system unit on a desktop personal computer
includes:
Processor
Memory
Secondary Storage
Video Card
Sound Card
Central Processing Unit (CPU): The
"Brain." Executes instructions and performs
calculations. Speed measured in Gigahertz
(GHz).
CPU & Main Memory (RAM): The temporary
working space. Holds data and instructions
Main currently in use. Data is lost when power is
off (volatile).
Memory
Secondary Storage: Permanent data
storage (e.g., HDD, SSD, USB drives)
Processor
The processor, also called the central processing unit
(CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that
operate a computer
Control Unit is the component
of the processor that directs and
coordinates most of the
operations in the computer.
The arithmetic logic unit
(ALU) performs arithmetic,
comparison, and other
operations.
Registers: Stores the data that
is to be executed next, "very
fast storage area".
22
Primary Memory and Secondary Memory
RAM: Random Access
Memory temporarily stores
Primary Memory instructions waiting to be
executed by the processor,
There are two types of
ROM (Read Only Memory):
Primary memory ROM is a permanent form of
storage.
Secondary Memory
Hard drive (HD)
Stores data and programs Optical Disk
permanently, it retains after Flash Disk
the power is turned off.
23
Discussion Question:
You're working on an essay,
and your computer suddenly
Discussio loses power.
n Explain which storage
component failed you, and
which component saved you
from losing everything you
had already finished?
Types of Software
Softwar Software
e System Application
Software Software
Software, also called a
program, tells the
computer what tasks to
perform and how to Operating
ERP
perform them System
Utility
Software Suite
System Software:
Controls the operations of the computer and
computer equipment.
The two main types of system software are the
• Operating System
Computer • Utility Programs
Software Operating System
is the software that controls the execution of all the
other applications and system software programs.
Examples of Operating Systems are:
• Windows
• Mac OS
• Linux
27
Computer Software…
Utility Program
• Is a program that performs a very
specific task, usually related to
managing system resources.
• Disk Cleanup utility, which is used to
delete unnecessary files and recover
disk drive space.
• Antivirus, disk drivers, printers and
other devices.
28
Computer Software
Application Software
• consists of programs designed
to make users more productive
and/or assist with personal
tasks
• App software enables the user
to complete tasks such as
o creating documents,
o spreadsheets,
o databases, and publications
o , doing online research,
o sending email.
29
Data: Raw, unprocessed
Characteristic:
facts, figures, or symbols Unorganized.
(e.g., 75, 82, 95).
Data vs. Information: Data
organized and structured
Informatio in a meaningful context
Characteristic:
Contextualized.
n vs. (e.g., "Alice's test scores
are 75, 82, 95").
Knowledge
Knowledge: Applied
understanding of
information used to make Characteristic:
decisions (e.g., "Alice Action-oriented.
excels in language
subjects").
Bit (b): Smallest unit (0 or
1).
Digital
Measurem Byte (B): 8 bits. Used to
encode one character (e.g.,
ent Units 'A').
Kilobyte (KB)
Megabyte
Scaling (Power (MB) Gigabyte
of 1024): (GB) Terabyte
(TB)
32
CPU SPEED MEASURES
Unit of
Measuremen 1 hertz or Hz 1 cycle per second
ts…
Speed measurement: The 1 MHz 1 million cycles per second
speed of Central Processing or 1000 Hz
Unit (CPU) is measured by
Hertz (Hz), Which represent a
CPU cycle. 1 GHz 1 billion cycles per second
or 1000 MHz
The speed of CPU is known as
Computer Speed.
Discussion Question: When
you see an internet service
advertised as "500 Mbps,"
Discussio
and your file storage is
advertised as "500 MB," .
n Explain the difference
between the two
abbreviations and why the "B"
is capitalized in one case but
not the other.
Computer Network
• A network is a system that connects two or more computers or
devices together so they can share data, resources, and
information.
Stores and manages files and
What Is a Server? databases
Hosts websites or applications
A server is a powerful computer that
Manages user accounts and
provides resources, data, or services to security
other computers on the network. Controls network access and
permissions
What Is a Client?
A client is a computer or device
that requests and uses services or
data from a server.
The Internet:
The Internet is a worldwide collection of millions of computers,
networks, and devices connected via cables, phone lines, and
wireless signals.
Defining Characteristic
of Computer
Speed: Performs billions of
instructions per second
(microseconds).
Key Accuracy: Performs
Characteristi calculations with near-perfect
cs of reliability. Errors are usually
due to bad input (GIGO).
Computers
Diligence: Works continuously
without boredom, fatigue, or
loss of concentration.
Versatility: Can perform many
different tasks by simply
loading new software (e.g.,
writing, gaming, design).
Defining
Characterist Reliability: Built to perform
consistently with rare physical
ics failure.
Storage Capacity: Can hold
vast amounts of data (TB, PB) in
a small physical space.
Computer Problems
& issues
System Issues and Failure
Hardware Problems
Component failure (e.g., hard drive crash).
(Physical): Power issues (e.g., electrical surge).
Bugs (errors in code).
Software Problems Compatibility issues (software conflicts).
(Code/System): System corruption (damaged OS files).
Virus: Attaches to files;
needs human action
(opening) to spread.
Malicious
Software Worm: Self-replicating;
spreads autonomously
(Malware) through network
weaknesses.
Trojan Horse: Disguised
as legitimate software to
trick users into installing
it.
Protecting Your Data
Spyware: Secretly monitors user activity and collects
private data.
Ransomware: Encrypts files and demands a
cryptocurrency payment for the key.
Keep Antivirus/Anti-Malware updated.
Regularly update OS/applications (patch
vulnerabilities).
Protection Strategies: Be vigilant about unknown email attachments
(Phishing).
Maintain secure Backups.
Protecting Strategies
Keep Antivirus/Anti-Malware updated..
Regularly update OS/applications (patch
vulnerabilities).
Be vigilant about unknown
email attachments
(Phishing).
Maintain secure Backups.
Discussion Question: You
download a free tool that
promises to speed up your
computer, but now your system
Discussio is slow, and you see strange
ads.
n Is this more likely a Hardware
Problem or a Software
Problem, and which specific
type of Malware is it most
likely to be?