PHYSICS
PROJECT
NAME - JOYCE CHUNDUR
CLASS - XI ‘A’
ROLL NO. 35
SESSION- 2024-25
SCHOOL-PM SHRI KV AF
HAKIMPET
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
INDEX
Project
Work On "To
Study the
Variation of
Range of
Canon Ball
with the
Angle of
Projection"
INTRODUCTION
Any object thrown into atmosphere so that it falls
under the effect of gravity alone is called
projectile. Path of projectile is called its trajectory.
For projectile motion, air resistance is neglected
and acceleration due to gravity is downward and
constant.
When a projectile is moving in air, it has horizontal
and vertical velocities. The horizontal velocity
remains constant throughout its motion where as
its vertical velocity is affected by gravity. So the
trajectory of the projectile is determined by the
combined velocity due to gravity and the
horizontal velocity of the projectile. Projectiles are
of two types:
1. Horizontal Projectile;
2. Projectile Fired at Angle with Horizontal.
Horizontal Projectile
Suppose an object be projected horizontally from
height of h above the ground giving initial horizontal
velocity u. The projectile is under the action of gravity.
So, the horizontal velocity remains constant, whereas
its vertical velocity goes on increasing.
Path of Projectile
Let the position co-ordinate of the projectile at p be
(x, y) after time t of its projection.
From horizontal distance, x=ut t= For vertical
distance,t = x/u
For vertical distance, y = 0 + 1/2 * g * t ^ 2 y = 0 + 1/2
* g * (x/u) ^ 2
This is an equation of parabola. Hence the path of the
horizontal projectile is also parabolic.
Time of Flight
The vertical distance covered by the projectile is equal
to the height of the point of projection above the
ground. If T is the time of the flight, then
ог, h = 0 + 1/2 * g * T ^ 2
t = x/u
For vertical distance, y = 0 + 1/2 * g *
t ^ 2 y = 0 + 1/2 * g * (x/u) ^ 2
This is an equation of parabola.
Hence the path of the horizontal
projectile is also parabolic.
Time of Flight
The vertical distance covered by the
projectile is equal to the height of the
point of projection above the ground.
If T is the time of the flight, then
ог, h = 0 + 1/2 * g * T ^ 2
Projectile Fired at Angle with
Horizontal
Suppose an object is projected with
initial velocity u at an angle 0 with the
ground which is taken as X-axis. OY is a
vertical line perpendicular to the
ground. The velocity of the object u has
two components u_{x} along X-axis and
u_{y} along Y-axis. So, initial velocity in
horizontal direction is ucose and in
vertically upward direction using. The
motion of projectile is two dimensional.
So the horizontal distance is covered by
horizontal velocity which is not affected
by gravity and vertical distance is due
to the vertical velocity which is affected
by gravity
Graph of Projection and
Horizontal Range
Scientific Principles Involved
Gravity acts on a body or
object to give it mass. The
greater the weight of an
object, the greater will be the
influence of gravity upon it.
Gravity will affect a projectile
as it will decrease the height
the projectile can obtain. The
force of gravity acts on the
object to stop its upward
movement and pull it back to
earth, limiting the vertical
component of the projectile
Air Resistance
As a projectile moves through the air it is slowed
down by air resistance. Air resistance will
decrease the horizontal component of a projectile.
The effect of air resistance is very small, but
needs to be considered if you want to increase
the horizontal component of a projectile.
There are several factors that relate to the
amount of air resistance acting on a projectile.
1. Surface to Volume Ratio:
The larger the surface to volume ratio, the more
air resistance will affect the object.
For example, a badminton shuttle will have much
more air resistance than a golf ball, because of
the holes in it.
2. The Surface of the Object:
If the surface is rough, the air resistance will be
greater.
3. Speed:
As speed increases, so does air resistance. This is
because of friction, for example a space shuttle.
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