Experiment No: 1
Experiment No: 2
Experiment No: 03
Experiment No: 4
Experiment No.:5
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Ammoniacal Ammonium group may be
present
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Evolution of reddish Br-may be present.
conc. H2SO4 brown vapours of Bromine
gas
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
O.S. + Lead Acetate White Precipitate Br- Confirmed
O.S.+ MnO2 + Conc. H2SO4 Reddish Brown Ppt Br- Confirmed
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
O.S.+ Na2CO3 No Precipitate NH4+may be present
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
O.S.+ Nessler’s Reagent Brown Precipitate NH4+Confirmed
O.S.+ Sodium Cobalt Yellow ppt NH4+confirmed
Nitrate
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – NH4+Anion – Br-
Molecular Formula is – NH4Br (Ammonium Bromide )
Experiment No.: 6
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Amorphous Solid Radical like C03-2S2-SO4-2
may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless No inference
Solubility in water soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No reaction Cl-, Br-, I-, NO3-1C2O4-2,
conc. H2SO4 CH3COO-Absent
Proceed for Special Group
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ BaCl2 White ppt insoluble in SO4-2confirmed
Dilute acids
OS+ Lead acetate White ppt soluble in SO4-2confirmed
ammonium acetate
solution
OS+ Lead Nitrate White ppt insoluble in dil SO4-2confirmed
acids and soluble in hot
ammonium acetate
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas Black precipitate Cu+2, Hg+2,Pb+2may be
present (2ndGroup)
Black Ppt in previous test + Bluish green solution Cu+2may be present
HNO3+ heat
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ NaOH Blue ppt turns black on Cu+2conformed
heating
OS+NH4OH Bluish ppt soluble in Cu+2conformed
excess of NH4OH giving
deep blue solution
OS+ KI Dirty green ppt apprearing Cu+2conformed
brown due to liberation of
I2
Result: -
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Cu+2Anion – SO4-2
Molecular Formula is – CuSO4 (copper sulphate)
Experiment No.: 7
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No reaction Cl-, Br-, I- , NO3-1C2O4-2,
conc. H2SO4 CH3COO-Absent
Proceed for Special Group
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ BaCl2 White ppt insoluble in SO4-2confirmed
Dilute acids
OS+ Lead acetate White ppt soluble in SO4-2confirmed
ammonium acetate
solution
OS+ Lead Nitrate White ppt insoluble in dil SO4-2confirmed
acids and soluble in hot
ammonium acetate
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ White gelatinous ppt Al+3may be present (3rd
NH4OH till solution Group)
becomes alkaline
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+NaOH White gelatinous ppt. Al+3Confirmed
soluble in excess of NaOH
and reprecipitated by
NH4Cl
OS+ NH4OH White ppt of Al(OH)3 Al+3confirmed
OS+ K4[Fe(CN)6] No ppt Al+3confirmed
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Al+3Anion – SO4-2
Molecular Formula is – Al2(SO4)3 (Aluminium sulphate)
Experiment No.: 8
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Evolution of Brown Fumes No3-1may be present
conc. H2SO4
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Copper turning + Reddish brown fumes No3-1confirmed
Conc. H2SO4+ heat
OS+ Zn Dust+NaOH Smell of Ammonia No3-1confirmed
Brown Ring test: Brown ring at junction of No3-1confirmed
OS+ Conc H2SO4 (cool)+ two liquids
freshly prepared FeSO4
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl No reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas Black ppt Cu+2,Hg+2, Pb+2present
(2ndGroup)
Above ppt + Conc HNO3+ Black ppt disappear to give Pb+2may be present (2nd
Heat clear solution Group)
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ K2CrO4 Yellow ppt soluble in hot Pb+2Confirmed
NaOH
OS+KI Tallow ppt soluble in hot Pb+2Confirmed
water and recrystallises to golden
yellow crystals on
cooling
OS+NaOH White ppt soluble in Pb+2Confirmed
Excess of NaOH
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Pb+2Anion – NO3-1
Molecular Formula is – Pb(NO3)2 (Lead Nitrate)
Experiment No.: 9
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Colourless, odourless gas Co3-2, may be present
Dil. H2SO4 with brisk effervesce
which turn lime water
milky
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+BaCl2 White ppt soluble in acids Co32confirmed
with effervescence of CO2
OS + Lead acetate White ppt Co3-2confirmed
OS + Dil HCL Brisk effervesce which Co3-2confirmed
turn lime water milky
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2,Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Al+3, Fe+2, Fe+3Cr+3Absent
NH4OH till solution (3rdGroup)
becomes alkaline
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Mn+2,Zn+2, Ni+2,Co+2
NH4OH+ heat +H2S Absent (4thGroup)
OS+NH4CL+ No reaction Ca+2,Ba+2Sr+2Absent (5th
NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 Group)
(Ammonium carbonate)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ White ppt Mg+2may be present (6th
NH4OH+ (NH4)3PO4 group)
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+NaOH White ppt soluble in NH4cl Mg+2confirmed
& HCl
OS+NH4OH White ppt soluble in NH4cl Mg+2confirmed
& HCl
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Mg+2Anion – Co3-2
Molecular Formula is – MgCO3 (Magnesium Carbonate)
Experiment No.: 10
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Pungent colourless gas Cl-may be present
conc. H2SO4 which intensify when glass rod
dipped in NH4OH is
brought near its mouth
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Lead Acetate White ppt soluble in hot Cl-Confirmed
water and reappear on
cooling
OS+ MnO2+Conc H2SO4+ Greenish yellow solution Cl-Confirmed
heat
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ White gelatinous ppt Al+3may be present (3rd
NH4OH till solution becomes Group)
alkaline
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+NaOH White gelatinous ppt. Al+3Confirmed
soluble in excess of NaOH
and reprecipitated by
NH4Cl
OS+ NH4OH White ppt of Al(OH)3 Al+3Confirmed
OS+ K4[Fe(CN)6] No ppt Al+3Confirmed
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Al+3Anion – Cl-
Molecular Formula is – AlCl3 (Aluminium Chloride)
Experiment No.: 11
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2,S2-,SO3-2,NO2-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No reaction Cl-, Br-, I- , NO3-1C2O4-2,
conc. H2SO4 CH3COO- Absent
Proceed for Special Group
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ BaCl2 White ppt insoluble in SO4-2confirmed
Dilute acids
OS+ Lead acetate White ppt soluble in SO4-2confirmed
ammonium acetate
solution
OS+ Lead Nitrate White ppt insoluble in dil SO4-2confirmed
acids and soluble in hot
ammonium acetate
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Al+3, Fe+2, Fe+3Cr+3(3rd
NH4OH till solution Group)
becomes alkaline
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ White ppt, insoluble in Zn+2,may be present (4th
NH4OH+ heat +H2S Acetic Acid Group)
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ K4[Fe(CN)6] White ppt of Zn2[Fe(CN)6] Zn+2confirmed
insoluble in dil HCL
OS + NaOH White ppt of Zn(OH)2 Zn+2confirmed
soluble in excess of NaOH
OS+ K3[Fe(CN)6] Orange ppt soluble in Dil Zn+2confirmed
HCl
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Zn+2Anion – S04-2
Molecular Formula is – ZnSO4 (Zinc Sulphate)
Experiment No.: 12
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2,S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Pungent colorless gas Cl-may be present
conc. H2SO4 which intensify when glass rod
dipped in NH4OH is
brought near its mouth
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Lead Acetate White ppt soluble in hot Cl-Confirmed
water and reappear on
cooling
OS+ MnO2+Conc H2SO4+ Greenish yellow solution Cl-Confirmed
heat
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Al+3, Fe+2, Fe+3Cr+3(3rd
NH4OH till solution Group)
becomes alkaline
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Mn+2, Zn+2, Ni+2,Co+2Absent
NH4OH+ heat +H2S (4thGroup)
OS+NH4CL+ White ppt soluble in HCl Ca+2, Ba+2Sr+2may be
NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 with effervescence present (5thGroup)
(Ammonium carbonate)
To above white ppt add Yellow ppt Ba+2may be present
few drops of K2CrO4
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ ammonium oxalate, White ppt soluble in dil Ba+2confirmed
(NH4)2C2O4 acetic acid
OS+ dil K2CrO4 Yellow ppt turn orange by Ba+2confirmed
addition of dil HCl
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Ba+2Anion – Cl-
Molecular Formula is – Barium Chloride (BaCl2)
Experiment No.:13
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Odourless
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Colourless, odourless gas Co32, may be present
Dil. H2SO4 with brisk effervesce
which turn lime water
milky
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+BaCl2 White ppt soluble in acids Co32confirmed
with effervescence of CO2
OS + Lead acetate White ppt Co32confirmed
OS + Dil HCL Brisk effervesce which Co32confirmed
turn lime water milky
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl NO reaction Pb+2 absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas No reaction Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2Absent(2nd
Group)
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Al+3, Fe+2, Fe+3Cr+3 (3rd
NH4OH till solution Group)
becomes alkaline
OS+ NH4Cl (solid form)+ No reaction Mn+2,Zn+2, Ni+2,Co+2
NH4OH+ heat +H2S Absent (4thGroup)
OS+NH4CL+ White ppt soluble in HCl Ca+2, Ba+2Sr+2may be
NH4OH+(NH4)2CO3 with effervescence present (5thGroup)
(Ammonium carbonate)
To above white ppt + White ppt Ca+2may be present
Ammonium oxalate + Few
drops of NH4OH
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ (NH4)2CO3 White ppt soluble in dil Ca+2confirmed
HCl with effervescence
OS+ (NH4)2C2O4 White ppt soluble in Dil Ca+2confirmed
HCL
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Ca+2Anion – CO3-2
Molecular Formula is – CaCO3 (Calcium Carbonate)
Experiment No.: 14
Aim: To Identify one cation and one anion from given salt sample.
Requirements:
Apparatus: Test tube, test tube holder, watch glass, glass rod, Bunsen burner etc
Chemicals: Dil H2SO4, Conc. H2SO4, H2S gas, NaOH etc.
Physical Properties:
Parameter Observation Inference
State Crystalline Solid Radical like Cl-,Br-, NO3-1,
SO4-2may be present
Colour White Compound like
Al+3,Zn+2Ca+2, Ba+2,Mg+2
NH4 may be present
Odour Slightly Vinegar like Acetate may be present
Solubility in water Soluble NH4+, Cl-,Br-,I-, NO3-1, SO4-2
may be present
Test for Acidic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of No gas in evolved Co3-2, S2-,SO3-2,NO-1Absent
Dil. H2SO4
Pinch of Salt + 2-3 mL of Vinegar Like Smell CH3C00-(Acetate) may be
conc. H2SO4 present
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+1 ml Conc H2SO4+ Fruity smell of ester CH3C00- (Acetate)
Ethyl Alcohol + heat confirmed
OS+ neutral FeCl3 + heat Deep red color which CH3C00- (Acetate)
changes to reddish brown confirmed
ppt
Test for Basic radical
Preliminary Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ Na2 CO3 No reaction NH4+absent (0thGroup)
OS+ Dil HCl No reaction Pb+2absent (1stgroup)
OS+ Dil HCL+H2S gas Black ppt Cu+2, Hg+2, Pb+2present
(2ndGroup)
Above ppt + Conc HNO3+ Black ppt disappear to give Pb+2may be present (2nd
Heat clear solution Group)
Confirmatory Test
Test Observation Inference
OS+ K2CrO4 Yellow ppt soluble in hot Pb+2Confirmed
NaOH
OS+KI Tallow ppt soluble in hot Pb+2Confirmed
water and recrystallises to golden
yellow crystals on
cooling
OS+NaOH White ppt soluble in Pb+2Confirmed
Excess of NaOH
Result:
From above test the given salt contains
Cation – Pb+2Anion – CH3COO-
Molecular Formula is – Pb(CH3COOH)2
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