ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION

TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED TODAY:

[Link] Induction
[Link] flux : Meaning , Mathematical form and
units.
[Link] Experiment on Electromagnetic Induction
and their conclusions.
[Link] law of Electromagnetic Induction.
[Link] law to show direction of induced current.
Magnetic Flux (Φ):
Magnetic Flux through any surface is the number of magnetic lines of force
passing normally through that surface.
It can also be defined as the product of the area of the surface and the
component of the magnetic field normal to that surface.

dΦ = B . ds = [Link]. n Direction of ds is
along the normal to B cos θ n
dΦ = B . ds cos θ the surface and n ds θ
is unit normal B
vector.
Φ = B . A = B.A.n

Φ = B . A cos θ

Positive Flux:
Magnetic Flux is positive for 0° ≤ θ < 90° &
270° < θ ≤ 360°
Zero Flux: Flux is maximum
Magnetic Flux is zero for θ = 90° & θ = 270° when θ = 0° and is
Φ=B.A
Negative Flux:
Magnetic Flux is negative for 90° < θ < 270°
 Φ = B . A cos θ

Magnetic Flux across a coil can be changed by changing :

1) the strength of the magnetic field B
2) the area of cross section of the coil A
3) the orientation of the coil with magnetic field θ or
4) any of the combination of the above

* Magnetic flux is a scalar quantity.

* SI unit of magnetic flux is weber or tesla-metre2 or ( wb or Tm2).
* cgs unit of magnetic flux is maxwell.
* 1 maxwell = 10-8 weber
* Magnetic flux (associated normally) per unit area is called Magnetic
Flux Density or Strength of Magnetic Field or Magnetic Induction (B).
State Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction .
CBSE (F)-2017,2009,(AI)-
2016,2015
Ans. Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic Induction :
(i) Whenever there is change in magnetic flux linked with a circuit, an emf is
induced in the circuit. The induced emf lasts so long as the change in magnetic
flux continues.
(ii) The magnitude of induced emf in a circuit is equal to time rate of
change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
i.e.
Lenz’s Law:
The direction of the induced emf or induced current is such that it opposes
the change that is producing it.
i.e. If the current is induced due to motion of the magnet, then the induced
current in the coil sets itself to stop the motion of the magnet.
If the current is induced due to change in current in the primary coil, then
induced current is such that it tends to stop the change.

Lenz’s Law and Law of Conservation of Energy:

According to Lenz’s law, the induced emf opposes the change that produces
it. It is this opposition against which we perform mechanical work in causing
the change in magnetic flux. Therefore, mechanical energy is converted into
electrical energy. Thus, Lenz’s law is in accordance with the law of
conservation of energy.
If, however, the reverse would happen (i.e. the induced emf does not oppose
or aids the change), then a little change in magnetic flux would produce an
induced current which would help the change of flux further thereby
producing more current. The increased emf would then cause further change
of flux and it would further increase the current and so on. This would create
energy out of nothing which would violate the law of conservation of energy.
 1. Explain, with the help of a suitable
example, how we can show that Lenz’s law is
a consequence of the principle of
conservation of energy.
CBSE (F)-2017,(AI)-2015,(AIC)-2015,(D)-2009
[ Ans. Lenz’s is a consequence of law of conservation of
energy :

A bar magnet experiences a repulsive force when brought

near a closed oil and attractive force when moved away from the coil,
due to induced current. Therefore external work is required to be
done in the process, which appears in the form of electrical energy.
In the absence of Lenz’s law, no opposition by induced
current and we would be obtaining electrical energy without doing
any work, which is
impossible. Thus, Lenz’s law is in accordance with the principle of
conservation of energy.
. Illustrate by giving an example, how Lenz’s law helps in predicting the direction of the current in a loop in the
presence of a changing magnetic flux ? CBSE (AI)-2015,(AIC)-2015,(D)-2009
[ Ans. I llustration :
When north pole is moved towards loop, due to Lenz’s
Law loop will repel it by inducing current in anticlockwise direction.
Similarly, when north pole is taken away current will be induced in
clockwise direction.
 ANSWER
(i).Along bcdab
(ii).Along bacb
(iii).Along dabcd
(i) The magnetic flux through the rectangular loop abcd
increases, due to the motion of the loop into the region of
magnetic field, The induced current must flow along the path
bcdab so that it opposes the increasing flux.
(ii) Due to the outward motion, magnetic flux through the
triangular loop abc decreases due to which the induced
current flows along bacb, so as to oppose the change in
flux.
(iii) As the magnetic flux decreases due to motion of the
irregular shaped loop abcd out of the region of magnetic field,
the induced current flows along cdabc, so as to oppose
change in flux.
Note that there are no induced current as long as the loops
are completely inside or outside the region of the magnetic
field.
Example 6.2 A square loop of side 10 cm and resistance 0.5 Ω is placed vertically in the east-west
plane. A uniform magnetic field of 0.10 T is set up across the plane in the north-east direction. The
magnetic field is decreased to zero in 0.70 s at a steady rate. Determine the magnitudes of induced
emf and current during this time-interval.
Eddy Currents or Foucault Currents:
The induced circulating (looping) currents produced in a solid metal due to
change in magnetic field (magnetic flux) in the metal are called eddy currents.

Applications of Eddy Currents:

B
1. In induction furnace eddy currents are
used for melting iron ore, etc.
2. In speedometer eddy currents are used to
measure the instantaneous speed of the
vehicle.
3. In dead beat galvanometer eddy currents Metallic Block Eddy Currents
are used to stop the damping of the coil
in a shorter interval.
4. In electric brakes of the train eddy currents are produced to stop the
rotation of the axle of the wheel.

5. In energy meters (watt – meter) eddy currents are used to measure the
consumption of electric energy.

6. In diathermy eddy currents are used for localised heating of tissues in

human bodies.
Explain : By decreasing area of bulk metal piece in changing magnetic field cause decrease
in Eddy currents.

How can eddy current be minimized in

devices like transformers?
Describe briefly three main useful applications of eddy currents. CBSE (F)-2015, (AI)-2010,2009
(i) Magnetic braking in trains:
In some electrically powered trains, strong electromagnets are situated above the rails. When the
electromagnets are activated, the eddy currents induced in the rails oppose the motion of the train. As there are
no mechanical linkages, the braking effect is smooth.
(ii) Electromagnetic damping:
Certain galvanometers have a fixed core made of nonmagnetic metallic material. When the coil oscillates,
the eddy currents generated in the core oppose the motion and bring the coil to rest quickly.
(iii) Induction furnace:
It is used to produce high temperatures and can be utilized to prepare alloys, by melting the constituent metals.
A high frequency alternating current is passed through a coil which surrounds the metals to be melted. The
eddy currents generated in the metals produce high temperatures sufficient to melt it.
(iv) Electric power meters:
The shiny metal disc in the electric power meter rotates due to the eddy currents. Electric currents are induced
in the disc by magnetic fields produced by sinusoidally varying currents in a coil
Self Induction:
Self Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the self coil due to
change in current and hence the change in magnetic flux in the coil.

The induced emf opposes the growth or decay of current in the coil and
hence delays the current to acquire the maximum value.

Self induction is also called inertia of electricity as it opposes the growth or

decay of current.
Self Inductance:
ΦαI or Φ = LI (where L is the constant of proportionality and is known as
If I = 1, then L= Φ Self Inductance or co-efficient of self induction)

Thus, self inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with a coil
when unit current flows through it.
Also, E = - dΦ / dt or E = - L (dI / dt)
If dI / dt = 1, then L=E
Thus, self inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the coil
through which the rate of change of current is unity.
SI unit of self inductance is henry (H).
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in a coil links magnetic
flux of 1 weber.
or
Self inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) induces emf of 1 volt in the coil.

Self inductance of a solenoid: A

Magnetic Field due to the solenoid is
B = μ0nI I l
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the
coil is
Φ per turn = B A = μ0nIA = μ0NIA / l Energy in Inductor:
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the Small work done dW in
coil is establishing a current I in the
coil in time dt is dW = - EI dt
Φ = μ0N2IA / l dW = LI dI (since E = -L(dI / dt)
I0

But, Φ = LI W = ∫ L I dI = ½ LI02
So, L = μ0N2A / l = μ0n2Al 0
Define self-inductance of a coil. Write its S.I. unit. CBSE (AI)-2017,2015,2010,(D)-2009,
(F)-2009
Ans. Self inductance : It is defined as the total magnetic flux linked with the coil, when unit
current flows through it. Its S.I. unit is Henry (H)

A plot of magnetic flux versus current is shown in the figure for two inductors and , which of the
two has larger value of self-inductance and why ? CBSE (D)-2010

⇨
Ans. Inductor A

Reason :
As
⇨
2. Derive an expression for the self-inductance of a circular aired coil. Name the three factors on which the self-
inductance of a coil depends. CBSE (AI)-2015
[Ans. Self inductance of an aired coil :

𝐵=
𝜇0𝑁𝐼
magnetic fi eld at the centre of circular coil

2𝑟
⇨
𝜙 = 𝐵𝐴 = ቀ ቁ 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0𝜋𝑁𝐼𝑟
𝜇0𝑁𝐼 2 1
magnetic fl ux linked with each turn of the coil

2𝑟
⇨
2

𝐿= = ቀ 𝜇0𝜋𝑁𝐼𝑟ቁ = 2 𝜇0𝜋𝑁2𝑟
𝑁𝜙 N 1
Self inductance of the coil
1
I I 2
Factors on which self inductance of a coil depends :
(a) the number of turns in the coil
(b) the area of cross section of the coil
(c) the permeability of the core material
Mutual Induction:
Mutual Induction is the phenomenon of inducing emf in the secondary coil
due to change in current in the primary coil and hence the change in
magnetic flux in the secondary coil.

Mutual Inductance:
(where M is the constant of proportionality and is
Φ21 α I1 or Φ21 = MI1 known as Mutual Inductance or co-efficient of mutual
induction)
If I1 = 1, then M= Φ

Thus, mutual inductance is defined as the magnetic flux linked with the
secondary coil when unit current flows through the primary coil.
Also, E2 = - dΦ21 / dt or E 2= - M (dI1 / dt)
If dI1 / dt = 1, then M=E
Thus, mututal inductance is defined as the induced emf set up in the
secondary coil when the rate of change of current in primary coil is unity.
SI unit of mututal inductance is henry (H).
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when 1 A current in the primary coil
links magnetic flux of 1 weber across the secondary coil. or
Mutual inductance is said to be 1 henry when unit rate of change of current
(1 A / s) in primary coil induces emf of 1 volt in the secondary coil.
Mutual inductance of two long co-axial solenoids:
Magnetic Field due to primary solenoid is
B1 = μ0n1I1
Magnetic Flux linked across one turn of the G
secondary solenoid is
S
Φ21 per turn = B1 A = μ0n1I1A = μ0N1I1A / l
A
Magnetic Flux linked across N turns of the secondary P
solenoid is I1 l
Φ21 = μ0N1N2I1A / l

But, Φ21 = M21I1

M21 = μ0N1N2A / l = μ0n1n2Al

lllly M12 = μ0N1N2A / l = μ0n1n2Al

For two long co-axial solenoids of same length and cross-sectional
area, the mutual inductance is same and leads to principle of
reciprocity.
M = M12 = M21
Additional Information:
1) If the two solenoids are wound on a magnetic core of relative
permeability μr, then
M = μ0 μr N1N2A / l
2) If the solenoids S1 and S2 have no. of turns N1 and N2 of different radii r1
and r2 (r1 < r2), then
M = μ0 μr N1N2 (πr12)/ l
3) Mutual inductance depends also on the relative placement of the
solenoids.
4) Co-efficient of Coupling (K) between two coils having self-inductance L 1
and L2 and mutual inductance M is
K = M / (√L1L2) Generally, K < 1
5) If L1 and L2 are in series, then L = L1 + L2
6) If L1 and L2 are in parallel, then (1/L) = (1/L1) + (1/L2)