6.
HYDROGEN
POSITION OF HYDROGEN IN PERIODIC
TABLE
Hydrogen belongs to first period and
first group because it has one shell
and one valence electron
HYDROGEN SHOWS DUAL NATURE
Hydrogen shows the properties of
alkali metals (group1) & halogens
(group.7)
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HYDROGEN AND ALKALI METALS
They have one valence electron
They have same valency
They can form positive ion (cation)
H -1e- H+
They are reducing agents
They burn to form oxides
H 2 + O 2 H 2O
SIMILARITIES BETWEEN HYDROGEN AND HALOGEN
They have one electron less than the nearest noble gas
Both have same valency 1
Both can form negative ions (Cl-)
Both are nonmetals
They are gases
They exist as diatomic molecule (H2)
PROPERTIS OF HYDROGEN DIFFER FROM THOSE OF ALKALI
METALS AND HALOGEN
Hydrogen atom has only one shell but others have two or more shells
Oxides of hydrogen is H2O, is a neutral oxide. Alkali metal oxides are basic
whereas halogen oxides are acidic.
DISCOVERY: The credit of discovery of hydrogen goes to Henry Cavendish. He
called this gas as inflammable air because of its combustible nature. Lavosier
named this gas as hydrogen (Greek word meaning water former)
OCCURRENCE:
In free state hydrogen is found in earth crust, atmosphere, sun and stars.
In combined state- plant and animal tissues, acids, alkalis, hydrocarbons,
proteins and water.
PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN
Since water, acids and alkalis contain hydrogen they form the cheapest
raw materials for preparation of hydrogen.
Reactive metals like K, Na and Ca reacts with cold water forming their
corresponding hydroxides and evolving hydrogen.
PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN FROM PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN FROM
COLD WATER AND POTASSIUM COLD WATER AND SODIUM
Potassium when added in water: Sodium when added in water:
It floats on water It floats on water
It melts and take the shape of a ball It melts and take the shape of a ball
It moves around here and there It moves around here and there
Reaction is highly exothermic and vigorous Reaction is less exothermic and less
2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2. vigorous
It catch fire and burns with lilac coloured flame 2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2.
Bubbles of hydrogen gas is liberated It catch fire and burns with golden yellow
The solution becomes soapy in touch flame
Bubbles of hydrogen gas is liberated
Potassium is kept in kerosene oil and handled The solution becomes soapy in touch
carefully because in air it reacts with water
vapour. Sodium and potassium amalgam react
Alloy of sodium or potassium with mercury is smoothly with water. Therefore hydrogen can
called amalgam. be safely prepared from these amalgams.
PREPARATION OF HYDROGEN FROM Action of steam on Zinc
COLD WATER AND Calcium It reacts with steam to liberate hydrogen
Zn (hot) + H2O (Steam) ZnO + H2.
Calcium when added in water:
It sinks in water Zinc oxide is yellow when it is hot but
Ca + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + H2. white when it is cold
Bubbles of hydrogen gas is liberated Action of steam on iron
The solution turns milky and alkaline It reacts with steam to liberate hydrogen
3Fe(red hot) +4H2O (Steam) Fe3O4 + 4H2.
Action of hot water and steam on Magnesuim
It reacts slowly with boiling water The rate of reaction of steam with metals is
Mg + H2O Mg(OH)2 + H2. fastest in Mg, and decrease in the following
Magnesium burns in steam with intense white order – Al, Zn and iron.
light
Mg + H2O (Steam) MgO + H2. In case of Mg, Al and Zn the reaction stops
after some time. This is because the oxides
Action of steam on Aluminium of these metals stick to the surface of the
It reacts with steam to liberate hydrogen respective metals and thus do not allow
Al + 3H2O (Steam) Al2O3 + 3H2. steam to come into contact with the metal.
Action of steam on non metals Preparation of Hydrogen
When steam is passed over red hot coke, water gas is formed from alkalis.
C + H2O (steam) CO + H2. (water gas)
Metals like Zn, Pb & Al are
called amphoteric because
Preparation of hydrogen from dilute acids they have a unique nature.
Zinc is the most preferred metal in laboratory preparation of hydrogen They react with acids and
because of the following reasons alkalies
Sodium and potassium react violently with acid
Calcium and Magnesium are expensive Zn+2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
(sodium zincate)
Aluminium forms a protective coating of Al2O3. Hence reaction stops
Iron has to be heated, and it produce impurities Zn+2KOH K2ZnO2 + H2
Lead forms insoluble coating of PbCl2 or PbSO4. Hence reaction stops (Potassium zincate)
Hydrogen cannot be prepared from metals below hydrogen in the
Pb+2NaOH Na2PbO2+ H2.
activity series
(sodium plumbate)
Mg + 2HCl MgCl2 + H2.
2Al + H2SO4 Al2(SO4)3 + 3H2 Pb+2KOH K2PbO2+ H2.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2 (potassium plumbate)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H2.
LABOROTORY PREPARATION OF HYDRGOEN
Reactants: Granulated Zinc & dil HCl or H2SO4.
Reaction : Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2.
Zn + H2SO4 ZnSO4 + H2.
Collection: By downward displacement of
water
Granulated zinc is preferred for this reaction over pure zinc because it
contains Copper as an impurity which acts as catalyst.
Hydrogen is collected over water because it is almost insoluble in
water
It is not collected over air because it forms an explosive mixture with
Nitric acid and conc. Sulphuric acid
is not used for the preparation of
hydrogen because it is a powerful
oxidizing agent. Hence instead of
hydrogen water is formed.
Precautions: Conc.H2SO4 is a good
Apparatus should be airtight drying agent but it is not
The end of the thistle funnel used to dry hydrogen
should be dipped under the acid. because it reacts with
No flame near the apparatus. hydrogen
MANUFACTURE OF HYDROGEN BY BOSCH PROCESS OXIDATION:
The process of addition of oxygen
It consist of following steps: or removal of hydrogen.
C + O2 CO2
1. Preparation of water gas
Zn + HCl ZnCl2 + H2.
C (hot) + H2O (steam) CO + H2. (water gas)
2. Conversion of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide REDUCTION:
The process of removal of oxygen
(CO + H2) + H2O CO2 + 2H2 or addition of hydrogen
3. Separation carbon dioxide ZnO + C Zn + CO
Cl2 + H2S 2HCl + S
2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O
REDOX REACTION:
4. Separation of carbon monoxide A reaction in which oxidation and
CuCl + CO + 2H2O CuCl . CO. 2H2O reduction takes place
simultaneously is known as redox
The hydrogen gas is left behind. reaction.
Explain the following reaction as redox reaction :
CuO + H2 Cu + H2O
Hydrogen is oxidized & Hydrogen is reducing agent
Copper oxide is reduced & Copper oxide is oxidizing agent