Vedic Speed

Mathematics
 OUTLINE
• What is Cube?
• Cubes using Surpluses
• Solved Examples
1) (11)3 = ?
2) (14)3 = ?
3) (112)2 = ?
 What is Cube?
• Cube is the result of multiplying a number
by itself thrice.
• Cube of A is (A × A × A)
Cube of 4 is 4×4×4 = 64
Cube of 7 is 7×7×7 = 343
Cube of -9 is (-9) × (-9) × (-9) = -729
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Cubes using
“Surpluses”
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (1):

(11) = ?
3
 What is (11)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 11
• Base (b) = 10
• Surplus (s) = +1
 What is (11)3 = ?
(11)3
Left Part Middle Part Right Part

Answer consists of Three Parts.

Left; Middle & Right Part.
 Formula
Left Middle Right
Part Part Part

n+2s ¦ (n+2s-b)×s ¦ s3

n => given Number

b => Base
s => Surplus
 What is (11)3 = ?
n = 11
(11)3 b = 10
s = +1

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

11+2=13
Left Part = (n+2s) =
(11+2×1) = 11 + 2 = 13
 What is (11)3 = ?
n = 11
(11)3 b = 10
s = +1

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

11+2=13 (13-10) × 1 =3
Middle Part = (n+2s-b)×s
= (13-10)×1 = 3×1 = 3
 What is (11)3 = ?
n = 11
(11)3 b = 10
s = +1

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

13 3 13 = 1
Right Part = s3 = 13 = 1
 What is (11)3 = ?
n = 11
(11)3 b = 10
s = +1

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

13 3 1
Start Observation from Right Part. Total number of Digits in Right &
Middle Part should be equal to total number of zeroes in the Base. If lesser
add required number zeroes. If Greater transfer Leftmost excess Digits to
its immediate Left Part.
 What is (11)3 = ?
n = 11
(11)3 b = 10
s = +1

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

13 3 1
Here Base is 10 (One Zero in Base). Right and Middle Parts
contains Only One Digit. So no need to alter any Parts. So final
Answer is 1331
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (2):

(14) = ?
3
 What is (14)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 14
• Base (b) = 10
• Surplus (s) = +4
 What is (14)3 = ?
n = 14
(14)3 b = 10
s = +4

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

14+2×4=22 (22-10)×4=48 43 = 64
Formula: n+2s ¦ (n+2s-b)×s ¦ s3
 What is (14)3 = ?
n = 14
(14)3 b = 10
s = +4

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

22 48 64
Base is 10. There is 1 Zero in the Base. So Right and
Middle Parts Should Contain only One Digit.
 What is (14)3 = ?
n = 14
(14)3 b = 10
s = +4

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

22 48 64
22+5=27 48+6=54 64
2744
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (3):

(112) = ?
3
 What is (112)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 112

• Base (b) = 100
• Surplus (s) = +12
 What is (112)3 = ?
n = 112
(112)3 b = 100
s = +12

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

112+2×12=136 (136-100)×12=432 123 = 1728

Formula: n+2s ¦ (n+2s-b)×s ¦ s3

 What is (112)3 = ?
n = 112
(112)3 b = 100
s = +12

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

136 432 1728
Base is 100. There are two Zeroes in the Base. So Right
and Middle Parts Should Contain Two Digits.
 What is (112)3 = ?
n = 112
(112)3 b = 100
s = +12

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

136 432 1728
136+4=140 432+17=449 1728
1404928
 Exercise
1. (13)3 = ?

2. (17)3 = ?

3. (106)3 = ?

4. (1012)3 = ?
WHAT NEXT?

Cubes using
Complements.
 OUTLINE
• Cubes using Complements
• Solved Examples
1) (97)3 = ?
2) (92)3 = ?
3) (993)2 = ?
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (1):

(97) = ?
3
 What is (97)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 97
• Base (b) = 100
• Complement (c) = -3
 What is (97)3 = ?
(97)3
Left Part Middle Part Right Part

Answer consists of Three Parts.

Left; Middle & Right Part.
 Formula
Left Middle Right
Part Part Part

n+2c ¦ (n+2c-b)×c ¦ c3

n => given Number

b => Base
c => Complement
Note: We are using ‘c’ instead of ‘s’.
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91
Left Part = (n+2c) =
(97+2×-3) = 97 - 6 = 91
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91 27
Middle Part = (n+2c-b)×c
= (91-100)×-3 = -9×-3 =27
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91 27 -27
Right Part = c3 = -33 = -27
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91 27-1=26 -27+100=73
Right Part is Negative. To get Two Digit Positive Number
add 100 (1 times of Base) to Right Part. At the same time
subtract 1 (Base Multiple) from Middle Part.
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91 26 73
Here Base is 100 (Two Zeroes in Base). Right and Middle Parts
should contain Two Digits. No need to alter any Parts as both parts
(i.e. Middle and Right) are having Two Digits.
 What is (97)3 = ?
n = 97
(97)3 b = 100
c = -3

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

91 26 73
912673
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (2):

(92) = ?
3
 What is (92)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 92
• Base (b) = 100
• Complement (c) = -8
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76
Left Part = (n+2c)
= (92+2×-8) = 92 - 16 = 76
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76 192
Middle Part = (n+2c-b)×c
= (76-100)×-8 = -24×-8 =192
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76 192 -512
Right Part = c3 = -83 = -512
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76 192-6=186 -512+600=88
Right Part is Negative. To get Two Digit Positive Number
add 600 (6 times of Base) to Right Part. At the same time
subtract 6 (Base Multiple) from Middle Part.
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76 186 88
Here Base is 100 (Two Zeroes in Base). Right and Middle Parts
should contain Two Digits. No need to alter Right Part as it is having
two Digits. From Middle Part transfer 1 (Leftmost Excess Digit) to
Left Part
 What is (92)3 = ?
n = 92
(92)3 b = 100
c = -8

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

76 186 88
76+1=77 186 88
778688
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (3):

(993) = ?
3
 What is (993)3 = ?

• Number (n) = 993

• Base (b) = 1000
• Complement (c) = -7
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979
Left Part = (n+2c)
= (993+2×-7) = 993 - 14 = 979
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979 147
Middle Part = (n+2c-b)×c
= (979-1000)×-7 = -21×-7 =147
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979 147 -343
Right Part = c3 = -73 = -343
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979 147-1=146 -343+1000=657
Right Part is Negative. To get Three Digit Positive Number
add 1000 (1 times of Base) to Right Part. At the same time
subtract 1 (Base Multiple) from Middle Part.
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979 146 657
Here Base is 1000 (Three Zeroes in Base). Right and Middle
Parts should contain Three Digits. Right and Middle Parts are
of Three Digits. So no need to alter any Parts.
 What is (993)3 = ?
n = 993
(993)3 b = 1000
c = -7

Left Part Middle Part Right Part

979 146 657
979146657
 Exercise
1. (9)3 = ?

2. (96)3 = ?

3. (98)3 = ?

4. (992)3 = ?
 OUTLINE

Cubes of Bigger Numbers using Criss

Cross Method.
 NOTE:
• Cube is the result of multiplying a number by itself thrice.

• Cube of A is (A × A × A)
Cube of 98456 is (98456 × 98456 × 98456)
• For finding Cubes of any complex (bigger) numbers, apply
Criss Cross Method.
• We already Studied Multiplication using Criss Cross Method
and Refer the same for finding Cubes of any number.
 Exercise
1. (247)3 = ?

2. (631)3 = ?

3. (643)3 = ?

4. (4569)3 = ?
 WHAT NEXT?

Cube Roots
 OUTLINE

Introduction to Cube Roots

 What is Cube Root?
• Cube of 3 is 3×3×3= 27
• Cube Root of 27 is 3.

• Cube of 12 is 12×12×12= 1728

• Cube Root of 1728 is 12

• Symbol Used for Cube Roots is:

 Perfect Cube Numbers
Number Cube
• Perfect Cube Numbers: The number is called
1 1
Perfect Cube number if its Cube Root has no
2 8
decimal part.
3 27
4 64 • Cube Root of 27 is 3; So 27 is Perfect Cube
5 125 Number.
6 216
7 343
• Cube Root of 216 is 6; So 216 is Perfect Cube
8 512 Number.
9 729 • Cube Root of 729 is 9; So 729 is Perfect Cube
10 1000
Number.
 Imperfect Cube Numbers
Number Cube
• Imperfect Cube Numbers: The number is
1 1
called Imperfect Cube number if its Cube Root
2 8
has decimal part.
3 27
4 64 • Cube Root of 364 is 7.14; So 364 is Imperfect
5 125 Cube Number.
6 216
7 343
• Cube Root of 1456 is 11.53; So 1456 is
8 512 Imperfect Cube Number.
9 729 • Cube Root of 1800 is 12.16; So 1800 is
10 1000
Imperfect Cube Number.
 Total Number of Digits in Cube Roots
• If ‘N’ be the total number of Digits in Number, then total number of
Digits (Integer Part & not Fractional Part) in Cube Roots will be
Ceiling of N/3.
Digits in Number Digits in Cube Roots

1/2/3 1
4/5/6 2
7/8/9 3
10 / 11 / 12 4
13 / 14 / 15 5
16 / 17 / 18 6
19 / 20 / 21 7
22 / 23 / 24 8
 Last Digit of Cube Root
Number Cube Last Digit of Cube

1 1 1 CONCLUSION:
2 8 8
3 27 7
• For Numbers ending with
0,1,4,5,6,9; the Last Digit of
4 64 4
Cube Root is Same.
5 125 5
6 216 6 • For numbers ending with
7 343 3 2,3,7,8; the Last Digit of Cube
8 512 2 Root is its respective
9 729 9 Complement (8,7,3,2).
10 1000 0
 Last Digit of Cube Root
A: Last Digit of Cube B: Last Digit of Cube Root
0,1,4,5,6,9 Same
2 8
3 7
7 3
8 2
How to Remember?:
• For Numbers ending with 0,1,4,5,6,9; the Last Digit of Cube Root is
Same.
• For numbers ending with 2,3,7,8; the Last Digit of Cube Root is its
respective Complement (8,7,3,2).
 Exercise - 1
Mark as ‘YES’ for Perfect Cube Numbers else mark as ‘NO’

1. 729

2. 1264

3. 6859

4. 7236
 Exercise - 2
How many Digits (in the Integer Part & not in the Fractional Part) will be there
in the Cube Roots of following Numbers.

1. 54789612

2. 6547896523

3. 12569874563

4. 4587966321556
 Answers -1
1. 729 => Yes

2. 1264 => No

3. 6859 => Yes

4. 7236 => No
 Answers - 2
How many Digits (in the Integer Part & not in the Fractional Part) will be there in the cube
Roots of following Numbers.

1. 54789612 => Ceiling(8/3) = 3

2. 6547896523 => Ceiling(10/3)=4

3. 12569874563 => Ceiling(11/3) = 4

4. 4587966321556 => Ceiling(13/3) = 5

 OUTLINE
• Cube Roots of Perfect Cube Numbers.
• Solved Examples
1) =?
2) =?
3) =?
4) =?
 Table 1:
A: Last Digit of Cube B: Last Digit of Cube Root
0,1,4,5,6,9 Same
2 8
3 7
7 3
8 2
Table 2: Cubes of numbers from 1 to 20:
No. Cube No. Cube
1 1 11 1331
2 8 12 1728
3 27 13 2197
4 64 14 2744
5 125 15 3375
6 216 16 4096
7 343 17 4913
8 512 18 5832
9 729 19 6859
10 1000 20 8000
 Cubes..
 Cube of 8 is 512.
 So, Cube of 80 is 512000 (Appended three zeroes at the end)

 Cube of 17 is 4913.
 So, Cube of 170 is 4913000 (Appended three zeroes at the
end)
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (1):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 68921 lies between 64000 (403) and 125000
(503) (Refer Table 2)
2. So, Cube Root Lies between 40 and 49.
3. Last Digit of given number is 1. So, Last digit
of Cube Root is 1. (Refer Table 1)
4. So, Cube Root = 41.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (2):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 195112 lies between 125000 (503) and
216000 (603) (Refer Table 2)
2. So, Cube Root Lies between 50 and 59.
3. Last Digit of given number is 2. So, Last digit
of Cube Root is 8. (Refer Table 1)
4. So, Cube Root = 58.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (3):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 658503 lies between 512000 (80 3) and
729000 (903) (Refer Table 2)
2. So, Cube Root Lies between 80 and 89.
3. Last Digit of given number is 3. So, Last digit
of Cube Root is 7. (Refer Table 1)
4. So, Cube Root = 87.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (4):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 753571 lies between 729000 (90 3) and
1000000 (1003) (Refer Table 2)
2. So, Cube Root Lies between 90 and 99.
3. Last Digit of given number is 1. So, Last digit
of Cube Root is 1. (Refer Table 1)
4. So, Cube Root = 91.
 Exercise
1) = ?
2) = ?
3) = ?
4) = ?
 Answers
1) = 73
2) = 84
3) = 69
4) = 89
 OUTLINE

Introduction to Square Roots

 What is Square Root?
• Square of 3 is 3×3= 9
• Square of -3 is (-3) × (-3) = 9
• Square Root of 9 is ±3 (+3 / -3)

• Square of 12 is 12×12= 144

• Square of -12 is (-12) × (-12) = 144
• Square Root of 144 is ±12 (+12 / -12)
• Every Number has two Square Roots. One is Positive and Another is
Negative.
• Symbol Used for Square Roots is:
 Perfect Square Numbers
Number Square
• Perfect Square Numbers: The number is
1 1
2 4
called Perfect Square number if its Square
3 9 Root has no decimal part.
4 16 • Square Root of 4 is ±2; So 4 is Perfect
5 25
Square Number.
6 36
7 49 • Square Root of 81 is ±9; So 81 is Perfect
8 64 Square Number.
9 81
10 100
• Square Root of 144 is ±12; So 144 is Perfect
Square Number.
 Imperfect Square Numbers
Number Square
• Imperfect Square Numbers: The number is
1 1
2 4
called Imperfect Square number if its
3 9 Square Root has decimal part.
4 16 • Square Root of 5 is ±2.23; So 5 is Imperfect
5 25
Square Number.
6 36
7 49 • Square Root of 80 is ±8.94; So 80 is
8 64 Imperfect Square Number.
9 81
10 100
• Square Root of 200 is ±14.14; So 200 is
Imperfect Square Number.
 Total Number of Digits in Square Roots
• If ‘N’ be the total number of Digits in Number, then total
number of Digits (Integer Part & not Fractional Part) in
Square Roots will be Digits in Number Digits in Square Roots

1 1
2 1
• (if N is even) OR 3 2
4 2
• (if N is odd) 5 3
6 3
7 4
8 4
 Last Digit of Square Root
Number Square Last Digit of
Square
1 1 1 CONCLUSION:
2 4 4
3 9 9 • Perfect Square
4 16 6 Numbers only ends
5 25 5 with 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 and 9
6 36 6
7 49 9 • Perfect Square
8 64 4 Numbers does not
9 81 1 ends with 2, 3, 7 and 8.
10 100 0
 Last Digit of Square Root
Number Square Last Digit of
Square A B
1 1 1 0 0
2 4 4 1 1 OR 9
3 9 9 4 2 OR 8
4 16 6 5 5
5 25 5 6 4 OR 6
6 36 6 9 3OR 7
7 49 9
• ‘A’ is last Digit of Perfect
8 64 4 Square Number
9 81 1 • ‘B’ is Last Digit of Square
10 100 0 Roots
 How to Remember?
 0 & 5: same A B
 = 1; 1 & its complement (9) 0 0
1 1 OR 9
 = 2; 2 & its complement (8) 4 2 OR 8
 = 3; 3 & its complement (7) 5 5
 6 4 OR 6
=> = 4; 4 & its complement (6)
9 3OR 7

• ‘A’ is last Digit of Perfect

Square Number
• ‘B’ is Last Digit of Square
Roots
 Exercise - 1
Mark as ‘YES’ for Perfect Square Numbers else mark as ‘NO’

1. 64

2. 122

3. 169

4. 184
 Exercise - 2
How many Digits (in the Integer Part & not in the Fractional Part) will be there
in the Square Roots of following Numbers.

1. 54789612

2. 6547896523

3. 12569874563

4. 4587966321556
 Exercise - 3
Find Last Digit of Square Roots of following perfect square numbers

1. 531441

2. 748225

3. 1923769

4. 2233318564
 Answers - 1
1. 64 - Yes

2. 122- No

3. 169 - Yes

4. 184 - No
 Answers - 2
1. 54789612 => 8/2=4

2. 6547896523 => 10/2=5

3. 12569874563 => (11+1) / 2 = 6

4. 4587966321556 => (13+1) / 2 = 7

 Answers - 3
Find Last Digit of Square Roots of following perfect square numbers

1. 531441 – 1 or 9

2. 748225 - 5

3. 1923769 – 3 or 7

4. 2233318564 – 2 or 8
 OUTLINE
• Square Roots of Perfect Square Numbers
• Solved Examples
1) = ?
2) = ?
3) = ?
4) = ?
 Table 1:
A: Last Digit of given number (Perfect Square Number)

B: Last Digit of Square Root

A B
0 0
1 1 or 9
4 2 or 8
5 5
6 4 or 6
9 3 or 7
 Table 2: Squares of Numbers from 1 to 30
No Square No Square No Square
1 1 11 121 21 441
2 4 12 144 22 484
3 9 13 169 23 529
4 16 14 196 24 576
5 25 15 225 25 625
6 36 16 256 26 676
7 49 17 289 27 729
8 64 18 324 28 784
9 81 19 361 29 841
10 100 20 400 30 900
 Squares..
 Square of 7 is 49.
 So, Square of 70 is 4900 (Appended two zeroes at the end)

 Square of 24 is 576.
 So, Square of 240 is 57600 (Appended two zeroes at the end)
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (1):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 289 lies between 100 (102) and 400 (202) (Refer Table 2)
2. So, Square Root Lies between 10 and 19.
3. Last Digit of given number is 9. So, Last digit of Square
Root is either 3 or 7. (Refer Table 1)
4. 289 is closer to 400 (Upper Range). So, chose Higher
value (7)
5. So, Square Root = 17.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (2):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 2116 lies between 1600 (402) and 2500 (502) (Refer Table
2)
2. So, Square Root Lies between 40 and 49.
3. Last Digit of given number is 6. So, Last digit of Square
Root is either 4 or 6. (Refer Table 1)
4. 2116 is closer to 2500 (Upper Range). So, chose Higher
value (6)
5. So, Square Root = 46.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (3):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 84681 lies between 84100 (2902) and 90000 (3002)
(Refer Table 2)
2. So, Square Root Lies between 290 and 299.
3. Last Digit of given number is 1. So, Last digit of Square
Root is either 1 or 9. (Refer Table 1)
4. 84681 is closer to 84100 (Lower Range). So, chose
Lower value (1)
5. So, Square Root = 291.
VEDIC SPEED MATHEMATICS

Ex. (4):

=?
 What is = ?
1. 59049 lies between 57600 (2402) and 62500 (2502)
(Refer Table 2)
2. So, Square Root Lies between 240 and 249.
3. Last Digit of given number is 9. So, Last digit of Square
Root is either 3 or 7. (Refer Table 1)
4. 59049 is closer to 57600 (Lower Range). So, chose
Lower value (3)
5. So, Square Root = 243.
 Exercise
1) = ?

2) = ?

3) = ?

4) = ?
 Answers
1) = 37

2) = 71

3) = 171

4) = 264