NETWORK C

We are familiar by now with the workings of a computer and how to instruct
it to do various tasks. Till now, we have been dealing with a single computer.
What about a situation in which there are many computers? In the previous
class, you have learnt something about network and the internet.
THE COMMUNICATION OVER THE COMPUTER
NET WORK HAS THREE COMPONENTS:
Sender : The sender sends a request for communication which may be like,
to access a file or access the printer.
Receiver : The receiver the request by the sender and then services the
request.
Medium used to establish the communication : The sender and receiver are
connected via a medium that is required for the transmission of data. The
medium can be copper wires, optical fibers, communication satellites, or
radio links.
Protocol : A protocol is the set of rules to be followed during data
communication.
BENEFITS OF NETWORKING :
• Resource sharing: Networking provides sharing of the hardware devices
that are not used often and are expensive. It reduces the cost of the
hardware.
• Storage of information: It is always better to store information on one
device rather than keeping a copy in individual machines, in this way, we
can look at the central location for the lost information.
• File sharing: With the help of network, we can easily share data between
different users and access it remotely.
TYPES OF COMPUTER
NETWORK:
• PAN (Personal area network)
• A pan is a computer network organized around a person. It is used for communication between devices,
such as phones personal digital assistants, printers, laptop and so on, that are in close proximity.
• LAN (Local area network)
• Local area network connects several computers within a small geographical area such as a room or
building. The devices are connected by wires. Using LAN, resources like disks, files, printers, plotters,
modems and software can be easily shared among many users.
• CAN (Cluster area network)
• A can is also known as Campus area network, it is a network that spans two or more LANS . For
example, a network that connects a college campus and office buildings.
• MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)
• A MAN is a computer network that usually covers a larger area than a LAN. For example, a network that
connects two offices in a city, a neighbourhood and so on.
• WAN (Wide Area Network)
• A WAN is a computer network that spans a wide geographical area. A wan may be spread across cities,
countries or continents. A wan is formed by connecting various LANS and MANS.
NETWORKING MEDIA :
• Wired networking technology
• There are several types of communication media through which data can
be transmitted from one place to another. Some common wired data
transmission media are Ethernet cables, coaxial cables and fibre-optic
cable.
• Ethernet cable is one of the most common cables used on wired
networks . Ethernet is a type of cable used in local area networks that
connects wired devices together to the local network for file sharing and
internet access. It looks like a phone cable is less but to connect Ethernet
cable , the computer requires an Ethernet adapter card on the
motherboard.
• Twisted pair cable it consists of a pair of insulated wires twisted together.
The use of two wires twisted around each other helps to reduce
disturbances in the signals.
NETWORKING MEDIA :
• The twisted pair of cables are often used in two or more pairs, all within a
single cable. Twisted pair cabling comes in two varieties
• Shielded twisted pair or STP.
• Unshielded twisted pair or UTP .
• Coaxial cable is a electrical cable with a conductor at its center . The inner
conductor is surrounded by a conductive layer is called the shield. There are
two types of coaxial cables:
• Base band
• Broad band
• Optical fibre cable it consists of a central glass core surrounded by several
layers of protective material. It transmits data in the form of light rather than
electronic signals, thus eliminating the problem of electrical interference.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
MEDIA:
• Infrared
• The range of the devices communicating through infrared waves is very
limited .It cannot penetrate walls or other obstructions. So there should
be no physical barrier between the communicating devices.
• Bluetooth technology
• Bluetooth is used for exchanging data over short distances using radio
waves. This technology uses low power, has a short range feet and
medium transmission speed.
• Bluetooth technology can be used to transfer songs or pictures between
two mobile phones or a Bluetooth headset can be used with a mobile
phone.
WIRELESS TRANSMISSION
MEDIS:
• WiFi technology
• Wifi also makes use of radio waves to transmit and receive data. This
technology requires more energy but enables the signal to cover a wider
range with a faster rate of transmission.
• This technology is used to setup network in which a computer wireless
adapter translates the data into radio signal and transmits it.
NETWORKING DEVICES:
• Network interface card(NIC)
• Any computer that needs to be connected to the network has a NIC which
is usually built into the motherboard. It is also known as Ethernet card or
network adapter.
• Network cable
• Computers are connected using network cables. One side of the network
cable is connected to a network port on the computer and the other side
to a box with several ports.
 NETWORKING DEVICES:
• HUB
• A hub is networking device that is used to connect multiple computers
and computing devices to the network by using cables. Each connection is
called a port. The connections are established using a fibre optic cable.
When the hub receives data at one of its ports, it distributes the data to
the other ports in the network. Typically , a hub sends all the connected
ports.
• Modem A modem is a network device that allows computer to
communicate with other computers via telephone lines. It is also called as
hub. Computer information is stored digitally, where as information
transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of along
waves. A modem converts the transmitted information from digital to
analog and vice versa
NETWORKING DEVICES:
• Router A router is a network device that connects two or more network. A
common use of router is to connect a home or business network to the
internet.
• Switch is a high speed device and consist of many parts. It receives the
morning data packets and redirects them to their destination. Switch is
very similar to a hub, but it is smaller than it.
• Repeater is used to regenerate or replicate a signal. Signals get weak
when transmitted over a long distance. The repeater regenerates the
signal so that it can travel a longer distance with more strength.
• Gateway is network node that connects two networks together that is two
dissimilar networks. It allows us to carry out various activities like sending
e-mail and online shopping.
 NETWORKING DEVICES:
• Bridge is product that connects lan to another lan that uses the same
protocol .It prevents the unnecessary traffic from entering the network.
NETWORKING TERMINOLOGY:
• Internet: the internet is a worldwide public network of computers
network.