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Introduction to Bioinformatics Basics

The document provides an introduction to bioinformatics, outlining its objectives, key concepts, and tools used for biological data analysis. It discusses the integration of biology, computer science, and information technology to address major biological questions and enhance understanding of living cells through genomics and gene annotation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of biological databases and the role they play in research and disease understanding.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
8 views35 pages

Introduction to Bioinformatics Basics

The document provides an introduction to bioinformatics, outlining its objectives, key concepts, and tools used for biological data analysis. It discusses the integration of biology, computer science, and information technology to address major biological questions and enhance understanding of living cells through genomics and gene annotation. Additionally, it highlights the importance of biological databases and the role they play in research and disease understanding.

Uploaded by

SreyaKarmakar
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Introduction to Bioinformatics

Subhadip Basu, Ph.D.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,


Jadavpur University,
Kolkata, INDIA
Email: subhadip@[Link]
Course Objectives
• To introduce the bioinfomatics discipline
• To make the students familiar with the major
biological questions which can be addressed
by bioinformatics tools
• To introduce the major tools used for
sequence and structure analysis and explain
in general how they work (limitation etc..)

2
What is Bioinformatics?
“The field of science in which biology, computer
science, and information technology merge to form a
single discipline”

Ultimate goal: to enable the discovery of new


biological insights as well as to create a global
perspective from which unifying principles in biology
can be discerned.
3
Central Paradigm in Molecular
Biology

Gene (DNA) mRNA Protein

21ST centaury

Genome Transcriptome Proteome

4
Complete Genomes

2010 2005
Total 1379 294
Eukaryotes 133 39
Bacteria 1152 235
Archaea 94 23

5
1,000 Genomes Project: Expanding the
Map of Human Genetics
Researchers hope the effort will speed up
the discovery of many diseases's genetic
roots

6
25000 genomes… What’s Next
The “post-genomics”
era
Annotation Comparative Functional Systems
genomics genomics Biology

Main Goal:
To understand the living
cell 7
From ….25000 genomes

To…Understanding living cells


Annotation

CCTGACAAATTCGACGTGCGGCATTGCATGCAGACGTGCATG
CGTGCAAATAATCAATGTGGACTTTTCTGCGATTATGGAAGAA
CTTTGTTACGCGTTTTTGTCATGGCTTTGGTCCCGCTTTGTTC
AGAATGCTTTTAATAAGCGGGGTTACCGGTTTGGTTAGCGAGA
AGAGCCAGTAAAAGACGCAGTGACGGAGATGTCTGATG CAA
TAT GGA CAA TTG GTT TCT TCT CTG AAT ......
.............. TGAAAAACGTA

9
Identify the genes within a
given sequence of DNA

Identify the sites


Which regulate the gene
Annotation

Predict the function

10
How do we identify a gene
in a genome?

A gene is characterized by several features (promoter, ORF…)


some are easier and some harder to detect…

11
Using Bioinformatics approaches for Gene hunting

Relative easy in simple organisms (e.g. bacteria)

VERY HARD for higher organism (e.g. humans)

12
Comparative
genomics

13
Perhaps not surprising!!!

How humans
are chimps?

Comparison between the full drafts of the human and chimp genomes
revealed that they differ only by 1.23%

14
So where are we different ??
Human ATAGCGGGGGGATGCGGGCCCTATACCC
Chimp ATAGGGGGGATGCGGGCCCTATACCC
Mouse ATAGCGGGATGCGGCGCTATACCA

Human ATAGCGGGGGGATGCGGGCCCTATACCC
Chimp ATAGGGG--GGATGCGGGCCCTATACCC
Mouse ATAGCG---GGATGCGGCGC-TATACC-A

15
And where are we similar ???

VERY VERY SIMAILAR


DIFFERENT Conserved between
many organisms

16
Functional
genomics

17
TO BE IS NOT ENOUGH
In any time point a gene can be functional or not

18
From the gene expression pattern we can lean:

What does the gene do ?


When is it needed?
What other genes or proteins interact with it?
…..

What's wrong??

19
Systems
Biology

20
Biological networks

Jeong et al. Nature 411, 41 - 42 (2001)


What can we learn from
Biological Networks
What can we
learn about this
protein

• Is the protein essential for the organism ?


• Is it a good drug targets?
Biological Databases
The different types of data are collected in
database

– Sequence databases
– Structural databases
– Databases of Experimental Results

All databases are connected

23
Sequence databases
• Gene database
• Genome database
• Disease related mutation database
• ………….

24
Genome Browsers
Easy “walk” through the genome

UCSC Genome Browser


[Link]

25
Disease related database

26
Sickle Cell Anemia

• Due to 1 swapping an A for a T, causing inserted amino


acid to be valine instead of glutamine in hemoglobin

Image source: [Link]


27
Healthy Individual
>gi|28302128|ref|NM_000518.4| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA
ACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGA
GGAGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGC
AGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATG
CTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGC
TCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGAT
CCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCA
CCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCA
CTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACT
GGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>gi|4504349|ref|NP_000509.1| beta globin [Homo sapiens]

MVHLTPEEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPKVKAHGKKVLG
AFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVAN
ALAHKYH

28
Diseased Individual
>gi|28302128|ref|NM_000518.4| Homo sapiens hemoglobin, beta (HBB), mRNA
ACATTTGCTTCTGACACAACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACCTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCATCTGACTCCTGA
GGTGAAGTCTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGGGC
AGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTTGGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATG
CTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAGAAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGC
TCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTTGCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGAT
CCTGAGAACTTCAGGCTCCTGGGCAACGTGCTGGTCTGTGTGCTGGCCCATCACTTTGGCAAAGAATTCA
CCCCACCAGTGCAGGCTGCCTATCAGAAAGTGGTGGCTGGTGTGGCTAATGCCCTGGCCCACAAGTATCA
CTAAGCTCGCTTTCTTGCTGTCCAATTTCTATTAAAGGTTCCTTTGTTCCCTAAGTCCAACTACTAAACT
GGGGGATATTATGAAGGGCCTTGAGCATCTGGATTCTGCCTAATAAAAAACATTTATTTTCATTGC

>gi|4504349|ref|NP_000509.1| beta globin [Homo sapiens]

MVHLTPVEKSAVTALWGKVNVDEVGGEALGRLLVVYPWTQRFFESFGDLSTPDAVMGNPKVKAHGKKVLG
AFSDGLAHLDNLKGTFATLSELHCDKLHVDPENFRLLGNVLVCVLAHHFGKEFTPPVQAAYQKVVAGVAN
ALAHKYH

29
Structure Databases
• 3-dimensional structures of proteins,
nucleic acids, molecular complexes etc

• 3-d data is available due to techniques such


as NMR and X-Ray crystallography

30
31
Databases of Experimental Results

• Data such as experimental microarray


images- gene expression data
• Proteomic data- protein expression data
• Metabolic pathways, protein-protein
interaction data, regulatory networks

• ETC………….

32
Literature Databases

PubMed
[Link]

Service of the National Library of Medicine

33
Putting it all Together
• Each Database contains specific
information

• Like other biological systems also these


databases are interrelated

34
PROTEIN
DISEASE
PIR
LocusLink ASSEMBLED
SWISS-PROT GENOMES
OMIM
GoldenPath
OMIA
WormBase
MOTIFS
TIGR
BLOCKS
Pfam
Prosite
GENOMIC DATA
GenBank
ESTs DDBJ GENES
dbEST EMBL RefSeq
unigene AllGenes

SNPs GENE
GDB

dbSNP EXPRESSION
PATHWAY Stanford MGDB
KEGG NetAffx
STRUCTURE COG ArrayExpress

PDB
LITERATURE
MMDB
PubMed
SCOP
35

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