Mathematical Tools Used in
Digital Image Processing
Linear operation
• Let H be an operator that produces an output
image, g(x,y), from a given input image, f (x,
y):
H[f(x,y)] = g(x,y)
• H is said to be a linear operator if, for any two images f
and g and any two scalars a and b,
H (af bg ) aH ( f ) bH ( g )
e.g., sum operator, Σ
∑[af1(x,y) + bf2(x,y)] = ∑af1(x,y) +
∑bf2(x,y)
= a∑f1(x,y) + b∑f2(x,y)
= ag1(x,y) + bg2(x,y)
Check if ∑ 3(f1+f2) = ∑ 3f1 + ∑ 3f2
e.g., max operation - to find the maximum value of the pixels
in an image
Non-linear ???
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
Arithmetic operations between two images f ( x, y)
and g( x, y) are denoted as
• s(x,y) = f(x,y) + g(x,y)
• d(x,y) = f(x,y) − g(x,y)
• p(x,y) = f(x,y) x g(x,y)
• v(x,y) = f(x,y) ÷ g(x,y)
• These are elementwise operations
• Both images are of the same size MxN
Addition
• To brighten the pixels by adding constant
• superimpose one image on another
• Used in image averaging for noise reduction
Addition
Add two
images
pixel-by-
pixel
Add a
constant
to an
image
Addition
Subtraction
• To detect changes in a series of images from the
same scene
• i.e., background removal
• Subtract constant from image
Subtraction
Multiplication/Division
• by a constant less than 1 => darkens the image
• by a constant greater than 1 => lightens the image
• Shading correction
• Extracting a region of interest in an image
• Division can be used to detect changes(like
subtraction), but gives fractional changes of pixel
values
Multiplication/Division
• Shading correction
Multiplication/Division
• Extracting the region of interest using binary mask
SET AND LOGICAL
OPERATIONS
• Set operations
Complements
Ac ={(x,y,255−z) |(x,y,z)∈A}
A∪B = {max(a,b)| a∈A,b∈B}
Logical
operations
Image File Formats
1. TIFF (.tif, .tiff)
• TIFF or Tagged Image File Format are lossless images files meaning
that they do not need to compress or lose any image quality or
information (although there are options for compression), allowing for
very high-quality images but also larger file sizes.
• Compression: Lossless - no compression. Very high-quality images.
Best For: High quality prints, professional publications, archival copies
2. Bitmap (.bmp)
• BMP or Bitmap Image File is a format developed by Microsoft for
Windows. There is no compression or information loss with BMP files
which allow images to have very high quality, but also very large file
sizes. Due to BMP being a proprietary format, it is generally
recommended to use TIFF files.
• Compression: None
Best For: High quality scans, archival copies
Image File Formats (contd.)
3. JPEG (.jpg, .jpeg)
• JPEG, which stands for Joint Photographic Experts Groups is a “lossy”
format meaning that the image is compressed to make a smaller file.
The compression creates a loss in quality but this loss is generally not
noticeable. JPEG files are very common on the Internet and is
popular for digital cameras
Compression: Lossy - some file information is compressed or lost
Best For: Web Images, Non-Professional Printing, E-Mail, Powerpoint
Special Attributes: Can choose amount of compression when saving
in image editing programs like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP.
Image File Formats (contd.)
4. GIF (.gif)
• GIF or Graphics Interchange Format files are widely used for web
graphics, because they are limited to only 256 colors, can allow for
transparency, and can be animated. GIF files are typically small is size
and are very portable.
• Compression: Lossless - compression without loss of quality
Best For: Web Images
Special Attributes: Can be Animated
5. PNG (.png)
• PNG or Portable Network Graphics files are a lossless image format
originally designed to improve upon and replace the gif format. PNG
files are able to handle up to 16 million colors, unlike the 256 colors
supported by GIF.
• Compression: Lossless - compression without loss of quality
Best For: Web Images
Image File Formats (contd.)
6. EPS (.eps)
• An EPS or Encapsulated PostScript file is a common vector file type.
EPS files can be opened in many illustration applications such as
Adobe Illustrator or CorelDRAW.
• Compression: None - uses vector information
Best For: Vector artwork, illustrations
Special Attributes: Saves vector information
7. RAW Image Files (.raw, .cr2, .nef, .orf, .sr2, and more)
• RAW images are images that are unprocessed that have been created
by a camera or scanner. Many digital SLR cameras can shoot in RAW,
whether it be a .raw, .cr2, or .nef. These images hold a lot of image
information, but still need to be processed in an editor such as Adobe
Photoshop or Lightroom.
• Compression: None
Best For: Photography
Special Attributes: Saves metadata, unprocessed, lots of information