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Discipline and Ideas in
Applied Social Sciences
Module 1:
Social Sciences and
Applied Social Sciences;
Disciplines of Counseling
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Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
Table of contents.
01 | Dogs 02 | Cats 03 | Elephants
We will talk We will talk about Then, we will
about this first. this second. talk about this.
04 | 05 | Pandas 06 | Koalas
Kangaroos
After that we will We will also talk And we will talk
talk about this. about this. about this last.
[Link]
A branch of science which deals with the study of
society and the relationship of individuals to their
environment is called Social Sciences or pure
social sciences. It has many branches which
include: Anthropology, Economics, Geography,
History, Linguistics, Political Science,
Psychology, Sociology, and Demography.
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Anthropology refers to the study of humans. As a social science
discipline, it examines all aspects of human life and culture. It
seeks to understand human origins and adaptation, and the diversity
of cultures and worldviews.
Economics studies the production, distribution, exchange, and
consumption of goods and services. It deals with the optimum
allocation of scarce resources among its alternatives to satisfy the
unlimited human wants and needs of the people.
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Geography is the science of place. It is the social
science that studies the distribution and arrangement
of all elements of the earth’s surface. Geography
studies not only the surface of the earth but also the
location and distribution of its physical as well as
cultural features, the patterns that they form, and the
interrelation of these things as they affect people.
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History is a study of the past, principally how it relates to humans.
It describes or narrates and analyzes human activities in the past and
the changes that these had undergone. In its broadest sense, history is
the totality of all past events.
Linguistics is the scientific study of language and its structure. It
involves the description of languages, the investigation of their origin,
the inquiry of how children acquire language, and how individuals
learn languages other than their own. Linguistics also deals with the
relationships between or among languages and with the manner
languages change over time.
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Political science is a social science discipline that studies
systems of government, and the analysis of political activity and
behavior. It is the systematic study of politics.
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental
processes. It is “the scientific study of behavior and the mind.”
These cannot actually be seen, only inferred from observable
behavior.” The term psychology comes from two Greek words:
‘psyche,’ which means “breath, spirit, or soul,” and ‘logos,’ 'the
study of.'
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Sociology is the scientific study of human social relations or group
life. It primarily deals with social interaction or the responses of
persons to each other.
Demography is the interdisciplinary study of the size, growth, and
distribution of human populations. It examines statistics such as births,
deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the
changing structure of human populations. Main areas of inquiry
include human population dynamics and human population change. It
also involves the study of the structure of populations and how
populations change over time due to births, deaths, migration, and
aging.
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Applied Social Sciences also called as practical social sciences are
social sciences that apply social scientific theories and knowledge
from social sciences to the physical environment or society. For
instance, counseling applies the theories of Psychology and other
helping professions to empower individuals to make wise career
choices. Both basic or applied social science are required for
human development. However, applied social sciences cannot
stand on their right but instead, relies on basic social sciences
progress. In reality, the industry and private organizations tend to
focus more on applied social sciences given their practical value,
while Higher Education Institutions study both basic and applied
social sciences. There are three disciplines under Applied Social
Sciences, namely: Counseling, Social Work, and Communication.
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COUNSELING
Counseling comes from the Latin word “Consilium”
meaning plan, council, wisdom and advice.
Counseling is a profession and a helping relationship
that facilitates the development of individuals, groups
and families that are based on the principle of
empowerment that helps achieve personal, social,
educational and career development. This is contrary
to our shared definition of counseling which focused
advice giving, but it more of a process which helps
the client (counselee) clarify and address problems.
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People who use Counseling in their work
A list of professionals who used counseling in their work are the following:
❖ Counseling / Clinical Psychologists
❖ Welfare Workers
❖ Teachers
❖ Nurses, Health visitors, and midwives
❖ Occupational and speech therapists
❖ Social workers
❖ Physiotherapists
❖ Ministers of Religion
❖ Voluntary and Youth workers
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GOALS OF COUNSELING
Different individuals have various issues and
concerns in life. Their reason for consulting a
Counselor or a Counseling Psychologist differs
based on their problems and concerns. Why are
people coming to see a counselor or a
counseling psychologist? What is the goal of
counseling?
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The following are some goals of counseling:
a. Facilitate change of behavior - counseling has specific
goals, this specific goal will help both of the client and
the counselor understand what specific change of
behavior is desired.
b. Promote decision making - this enables individual
make critical decisions but not to decide which
decisions the clients should make to acquire
understanding not only of their abilities, opportunities,
and interests but also their emotions, behavior, and
attitudes that could interfere their choices and
decisions.
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c. Enhance coping skills and adjustment - There are a lot
of pressures in life that a person will face in his/her
lifetime. It is the goal of counseling to empower
individuals that can enhance coping skills and adjustment
to be able to adapt and survive in this complex society we
are living.
d. Improve relationship skills - Many people go to a
counselor because of poor self-esteem or inadequate social
skills, some of them might be bullied by classmates, and it
is the goal of counseling to help the client improve the
quality of life by becoming more effective in teaching life
skills and interpersonal skills to improve relationships.
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e. Facilitate counselee or client potential - one of the
counseling goals is to help an individual maximize his
freedom and seek individual’s effectiveness by giving him
or her control over his environment and/or overcome.
Counselors are working with people with excessive
smoking, depression, and aggression they help them to
take care better of their clients holistically: physical,
psychological and spiritual.
In summary, it is the ultimate goal of counseling to help
individuals realize their full potential or become self-
actualized, maintain an adequate level of development and
encourage them to verbalize an unexpressed feeling.
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SCOPE OF COUNSELING
Since all professions have scopes and
limitations, counseling also a profession has
a scope which will be based on the law
which regulates its practice. This practice
may be done individually, by the group and
in the community by the provision of the
law.
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➢ Individual Counseling
Identity problems, relationships, anxiety, depression, family
problems, behavior management, gender (identity and sexuality),
grief/bereavement, relationships, sexual abuse recovery, workplace
stress and relationships, drug abuse, eating disorders, HIV,
spirituality, status and middle age syndrome.
➢ Marital and Pre-marital Counseling
Marital and relationship dynamics, Relationship and fertility issues
➢ Family Counseling
Children and adult behaviors, divorce/annulment and separation
problems and adjustments, family problems, life stages, transitions,
parenting and remarriage relationship counseling.
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PRINCIPLES OF COUNSELING
There are principles of counseling that
should be observed in a counseling
relationship and process. These basic
principles are essential requirements for
the counseling relationship to be efficient
and to achieve its goals. The basic
principles are the following:
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a. Listening skills - This is the number one skill that a
counselor should always consider in a counseling
process. When listening attentively to the client to show
that we are interested and we respect him/her whatever
situation he/she have right now. This will result in
emphatic understanding and can exploit develop a
positive and healthy interaction with the client.
b. Resistance - human behavior is very complex, and
people respond to things differently. It is important for
counselors not to take client’s resistance personally
since some resistance to therapeutic change is natural.
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c. Respect - Counselor should have respect for his/her client no
matter how weird, strange, peculiar, different the customer is with
you. A counselor should be neutral and must be objective no matter
what. There are times that the counselor do not like the customer, in
that case, a counselor must put away personal feelings and treat the
client with respect. A counselor should always see him/herself on the
client’s situation, trying to put his shoe on the shoes of his/her client.
d. Empathy or Unconditional Positive Regard - This is based on the
writings of Carl Rogers, these two principles go along with
particular and effective listening skills. Empathy requires listening
and understanding client’s feeling and their perspective. This
principle should be part of the counselor’s characteristics since the
success of counselee-counselor relationship will depend on the
quality of rapport built along the process.
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e. Clarification, confrontation, and interpretation - These principles are
techniques of therapeutic intervention that are advanced. Clarification is an
attempt by the therapist to restate what the client is either saying or feeling
so the client may learn something or understand the issue better.
Confrontation is a skill that can assist clients to increase their self-
awareness that can be used to highlight discrepancies that clients have
been previously unaware of while interpretation is when the counselor
tries to interpret the client’s situation based on noting and reflection of
their story.
f. Transference and Counter-transference - a process somewhat related to
projection. It is important to understand transference reactions for this help
the client gain more understanding of important aspects of their emotional
life. Counter-transference refers to the emotional and perceptional
reactions the counselor has towards the client.