Selected Topics in Emerging
Technologies
CHAPTER ONE
Introduction to Machine Learning
Course Description
• Technological advancements today enable faster changes and
progress, accelerating the pace of change. In the contactless world
tomorrow, IT professionals' roles will change significantly not only
because of technology trends and emerging technologies, which has
caused a great deal of change in the IT sector. The IT professional will
be constantly learning, unlearning, and relearning .Topics include
Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence, IoT & Edge Computing,
Virtual Reality , Augmented Reality and Block chain.
Course specification
Objectives:
• Acquire theoretical Knowledge on setting hypothesis for pattern
recognition.
• Apply suitable machine learning techniques for data handling and to
gain knowledge from it.
• Evaluate the performance of algorithms and to provide solution for
various real world applications
What Is Machine Learning?
• Machine learning is programming computers to optimize a
performance criterion using example data or past experience. We
have a model defined up to some parameters, and learning is the
execution of a computer program to optimize the parameters of the
model using the training data or past experience. The model may be
predictive to make predictions in the future, or descriptive to gain
knowledge from data, or both.
Definition of learning
• Definition :
A computer program is said to learn from experience E with respect to
some class of tasks T and performance measure P, if its performance at
tasks T, as measured by P, improves with experience E.
Examples
i) Handwriting recognition learning problem
Task T: Recognising and classifying handwritten words within images
Performance P: Percent of words correctly classified
Training experience E: A dataset of handwritten words with given
classifications
ii) A robot driving learning problem
Task T: Driving on highways using vision sensors
Performance measure P: Average distance traveled before an error
training experience: A sequence of images and steering commands recorded
while observing a human driver
iii) A chess learning problem
Task T: Playing chess
Performance measure P: Percent of games won against opponents
Training experience E: Playing practice games against itself
• Definition
A computer program which learns from experience is called a machine
learning program or simply a learning program. Such a program is
sometimes also referred to as a learner.
Components of Learning
Basic components of learning process The learning process, whether by
a human or a machine, can be divided into four components, namely,
1. data storage
2. Abstraction
3. generalization
4. evaluation
Figure : illustrates the various components and
the steps involved in the learning process.
1. Data storage
• Facilities for storing and retrieving huge amounts of data are an
important component of the learning process. Humans and
computers alike utilize data storage as a foundation for advanced
reasoning.
• • In a human being, the data is stored in the brain and data is
retrieved using electrochemical signals.
• • Computers use hard disk drives, flash memory, random access
memory and similar devices to store data and use cables and other
technology to retrieve data.
2. Abstraction
The second component of the learning process is known as abstraction.
• Abstraction is the process of extracting knowledge about stored data.
This involves creating general concepts about the data as a whole.
The creation of knowledge involves application of known models
and creation of new models.
• The process of fitting a model to a dataset is known as training. When
the model has been trained, the data is transformed into an abstract
form that summarizes the original information.
3. Generalization
The third component of the learning process is known as generalization.
• The term generalization describes the process of turning the knowledge
about stored data into a form that can be utilized for future action.
These actions are to be carried out on tasks that are similar, but
• not identical, to those what have been seen before. In generalization,
the goal is to discover those properties of the data that will be most
relevant to future tasks.
4. Evaluation
Evaluation is the last component of the learning process.
• It is the process of giving feedback to the user to measure the utility
of the learned knowledge. This feedback is then utilized to effect
improvements in the whole learning process