Vector Control
Measures
What is a VECTOR in Disease Epidemiology?
▶ An insect or any living carrier that
transports an infectious agent from an
infected individual or its wastes to a
susceptible individual, its food or its
surroundings.*
* Oxford Dictionary of Epidemiology, sixth edition
Types of Vectors
Vector
s
Invertebra Vertebrat
te e
Invertebrate Vectors- seven orders
▶ Diptera –Mosquitoes
Diseases transmitted:
-Malaria
-Filaria
- Viral Encephalitis
- Dengue
- West-Nile fever
- Yellow fever
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Diptera –Flies
▶ Diseases transmitted by
Houseflies: Typhoid, paratyphoid fever,
diarrhoea, dysentery, cholera, polio, trachoma,
anthrax, yaws
Sandfly: Kala-azar, sore, sandfly
oriental fever, Oraya fever
Tsetse fly: Sleeping
sickness
Black fly: Onchocerciasis
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Orthoptera-
cockroaches
Transmits enteric pathogens
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Siphonaptera- fleas
▶ Diseases transmitted:
Rat flea: Bubonic plague, endemic
typhus, chiggerosis, hymenolepsis
diminuta
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Anoplura- Lice
Diseases transmitted:
Epidemic typhus, relapsing fever,
trench fever, pediculosis
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Hemiptera-
bugs
▶ Reduviid Bug:
Chagas disease
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Acarina- ticks and mites
▶ Hard tick: Tick typhus, viral
encephalitis, KFD, Tularemia, tick
paralysis, human babesiosis
▶ Soft tick: Q fever, relapsing fever
▶ Trombiculid mite: Scrub typhus,
Rickettsial-pox
▶ Itch-mite: Scabies
Invertebrate Vectors
▶ Copepoda- cyclops
▶ Guinea worm disease, fish
tapeworm
Vertebrate Vectors
▶ Mice, rodents, bats
▶ Leptospirosis
▶ Salmonelloisis
▶ Nipah virus disease
Transmission by vectors
Mechanical Transmission Biological Transmission
• NO development or • Propagative- plague bacilli in rat fleas
multiplication in the vector • Cyclo-propagative- malaria in
• [Link]: Cholera, Amebiasis mosquitoes
• Cyclo-developmental-
microfilaria in mosquitoes,
guinea worm in cyclops
• Transovarian- infected female
to her progeny; tick-borne
Environmental
Control Chemical
Control
Integrated Vector
Management
Legislative
Biological
control Control
Mechanical and
physical control
15
Integrated vector management
1. Anti-larval measures
a. Environmental control
b. Chemical control
c. Biological control
2. Anti-adult measures
a. Residual sprays
b. Space sprays
c. Genetic control
3. Protection against bites
a. Mosquito net
b. Screening
c. Repellents
Anti-larval measures
1. Environmental Control
- Source reduction
- Engineering measures
2. Chemical control
- Larvicides
•Mineral oils
- Diesel oil,
kerosene, special oils (Mosquito
larvicidal oil)
- once a
week
• Synthetic Insecticides-
Fenthion, Chlorpyrifos,
Abate (Temephos)
• Paris green- stomach poison
3. Biological Control
- Fish Gambusia affinis
- Lebister reticulatus
- Single fully grown
fish eats about
100-300 mosquito
larvae per day
Anti-adult Measures
1. Residual Sprays
Application of insecticides to surfaces so
that particles remain on the surface in the form,
size and quantity suitable for insects to pick up
on contact and sufficient to exert lethal effect
over a long period.
- DDT, Lindane, Malathion or
OMS-33
2. Space Sprays
-Insecticide solution is
sprayed into atmosphere in form of
mist or fog to kill insects.
-mc: Pyrethrum extract
2%- nerve poison
-Ultra-low volume
space spraying- Malathion and
Fenitrothion
3. Genetic Control
• Genetically modified Aedes
Mosquito OX513A by Oxitec
• Modified males- self-limiting
genes- offspring wont
survive to adult hood
• Infecting male aedes with
Wolbachia bacteria
Protection against mosquito bites:
1. Mosquito nets: Size of openings should
not exceed 0.0475 inch in any diameter.
Number of holes in one
square inch is usually 150.
[Link]: Copper or bronze mesh
screens with openings should not exceed
0.0475 inch.
3. Repellents: Dietyltoluamide (DEET)
15
Integrated vector management
1. Anti-larval measures
a. Environmental control
b. Chemical control
c. Biological control
2. Anti-adult measures
a. Residual sprays
b. Space sprays
c. Genetic control
3. Protection against bites
a. Mosquito net
b. Screening
c. Repellents
22
Legislative measures
Model civic by-laws
-Fine/punishment if breeding is detected
-Mumbai, Chandigarh, Delhi, Ahmedabad,
Bengaluru, Chennai, Goa, Kolkata.
Construction Regulation Acts
-For appropriate overhead/underground water tanks
-Mumbai
House fly Control Measures
1. Environmental Control
2. Control of Adult Flies:
Residual spray: Pyrethrum 0.1% is
useful for destruction of adult flies.
Light traps (electrocutors)
3. Fly proofing: With mesh
Sand fly Control Measures
1. Source control: Seals cracks,
crevices, holes
-Remove animal dung from stables and
cattle sheds.
-Maintain proper sanitation.
2. Anti-adult measures: Residual spraying
with DDT
- Lindane spraying once in three months
3. Personal Protection
Flea Control Measures
1. Insecticide Control:
- 10% dust of DDT- on rodents
-Indoor residual spray: At the
lower one metre of walls with malathion
- Dusting of pets
2. Repellents: DEET, benzyl benzoate
3. Rodent control measures
Lice Control Measures
1. Good personal hygiene
2. Dusting: 10% DDT powder or 0.5%
permethrin dust and 1% propoxur
dust can be used for dusting garments.
3. Anti-lice shampoo: Permethrin (1%),
Fenitrothion (0.2-0.4%)
Tick Control Measures
1. Insecticidal control: DDT,
chlordane, dieldrin, lindane, malathion
2. Environmental control
3. Personal protection measures:
Clothes impregnated with insect
repellent
Rodent Control Measures
1. Trapping
2. Rodenticides: Zinc phosphide,
Barium carbonate, Bromadiolone
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