PRESENTATION OF A STATISTICAL DATA

BY
DR DESMOND IGHRAVWE, PHD
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

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 OUTLINES

1. Introduction

2. Organizing Data

3. Histograms, Frequency Polygons, and Ogives

4. Other Types of Graphs

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 INTRODUCTION

Gathering data for a particular variable under study is the primary task for presenting the data.

The data must be organized in some meaningful way. The most convenient method of organizing data is

to construct a frequency distribution.

Then data must be presented to be understood by those who will benefit from reading the study.

The most useful method of presenting the data is by constructing statistical charts and graphs.

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 ORGANIZING DATA

Information can be obtained from looking at raw data (Table 1). For data to be more understandable,

they should be organized. One of the common statistic methods are using so called frequency

distribution (Table 2).

• A frequency distribution is the organization of raw data in a table form, using classes and frequencies.

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Frequency Distributions Table

When the range of the data is large or huge, the data must be grouped into classes with the frequency of

each class as shown in Table 2.

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 PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING THE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

The values of the first class are called class limits such as (24-30). The lower class limit (24) represents

the smallest data value that can be included in the class. The upper class limit (30) represents the largest

data value that can be included in the class.

The numbers in the second column are called class boundaries. These numbers are used to separate the

classes so that there are no gaps in the frequency distribution.

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Note: The class limits should have the same decimal place value as the data, but the class boundaries should have one

additional place value and end in a 5. For example: the boundaries limits for the classes (31–37) & (7.8–8.8), are:

Lower limit -0.5 = 31 - 0.5 = 30.5 lower boundary

Upper limit + 0.5 = 37 + 0.5 = 37.5 upper boundary

Lower limit -0.05 = 7.8 - 0.05 = 7.75 lower boundary

Upper limit +0.05 = 8.8 + 0.05 = 8.85 upper boundary

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The class midpoint Xm is

𝑿𝒎 =

OR

𝑿𝒎=

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Class width (Cw) is the range between upper and lower limit of the same class.

Cw = the lower (or upper) class limit of one class - the lower (or upper) class limit of the next class.

For example: the class width of Table 3 is:

31-24 = 7 OR 37-30 = 7 OR 23.5-30.5 = 7 OR 37.5-30.5 = 7

• Number of classes are between 5 and 20 classes.

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 EXAMPLE 1

These data represent the record high temperatures in degrees Fahrenheit (F) for each of the 50 states.

Construct a grouped Frequency distribution for the data using 7 classes.

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 SOLUTION

1. Find the highest value and lowest value: H = 134 and L = 100

2. Find the range: R = highest value - lowest value = H – L; R = 134 – 100 = 34

3. Select the number of classes (5-20); n = 7.

4. Find the class width; 𝑪𝒘 = 𝑹/𝒏 =𝟑𝟒/𝟕 = 4.9 ≈ 5 OR 4.0

5. Select a starting point for the lowest class limit = lowest value or less (100 or 99).

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Determine the lower limits of the other class = Lower limit + 𝑪𝒘 = 100 + 5 = 105, 110, 115, etc.

7. Determine the Upper limits of the first class = lower limit (2nd class) – 1 (one unit) = 105-1=104

8. Determine the upper limits of the other class = lower limit + 𝑪𝒘 = 104 + 5 = 109, 114, 119, etc.

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9. Find the class boundaries: by subtracting 0.5 from each lower class limit and adding 0.5 to each upper

class limit: First class : 99.5–104.5, second class: 104.5–109.5, etc.

10. Tally the data.

11. Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies.

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 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY POLYGONS, AND OGIVES

1. Histogram

The histogram is a graph that displays

the data by using contiguous vertical bars

(unless the frequency of a class is 0) of

various heights to represent the

frequencies of the classes.

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 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY POLYGONS, AND OGIVES

2. Frequency Polygon

The frequency polygon is a graph that

displays the data by using lines that

connect points plotted for the frequencies

at the midpoints of the classes. The

frequencies are represented by the heights

of the points.
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 HISTOGRAMS, FREQUENCY POLYGONS, AND OGIVES

3. Ogive

This type of graph is called the cumulative frequency graph, or Ogive. The cumulative frequency is the

sum of the frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in the distribution.

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4. Relative frequency

The histogram, the frequency polygon, and the ogive shown previously were constructed by using frequencies

in terms of the raw data. These distributions can be converted to distributions using proportions instead of raw

data as frequencies. These types of graphs are called relative frequency graphs.

• Relative frequency (Fi) can be calculated by dividing the frequency for each class (fi) by the total of the

frequencies Ʃfi. The sum of the relative frequencies will always be 1.

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 DISTRIBUTION SHAPES

The shape of a distribution determines the appropriate statistical methods used to analyze the data

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DISTRIBUTION SHAPES

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Thank you

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