Computer

studies
Form four
KIAMUTUGU BOYS
work
TARGET 11.0
NOUS ALLONS
1
 Table of contents
1. Introduction to networking and data
communication
2. Application areas of information and
communication technology (ICT)
3. Impact of information and communication
technology (ICT) on society
4. Career opportunities in information and
communication technology (ICT)
2
 Chapter 1
Introduction to networking and
data communication
Form four work

3
Computer network
 It’s a collection of computers linked
together using transmission media for the
purpose of communication and resource
sharing.

4
Data communication
 Refers to the process of transmitting data
signals from one point to another through
the network

5
Terms used in data communication 1
 Bandwidth – it’s the maximum amount of
data that a transmission medium can carry
at any one time.
 Base band signal – it’s a digital generated
and applied to the transmission medium
directly without modulation.
 Broadband transmission – refers to
sending analog signal over transmission
medium using a particular frequency. 6
Terms used in data communication 2
 Multiplexing – it’s a
process of sending
multiple data signal
over the same
medium while
demultiplexing is the
process of separating
the multiplexed
signals at the
receiving end.
7
Modes of data communication
 Simplex transmission – refers to communication
in only one direction e.g. radio transmission.
 Half duplex – refers to communication in both
directions but one direction at a time e.g. police
walkie talkie.
 Full duplex – in this transmission communication
occurs in both directions simultaneously e.g.
computers connected in network.

8
 Types of computer network
 Local Area Network (LAN) – this is formed whenever
computers are connected together in a small geographical
area e.g. floors, building, school etc within a radius of 10m
up to 3km.
 Wide Area Network (WAN) – this covers unlimited
geographical area e.g. across states, entire country or
entire world. They are expensive to build and have low data
rates and higher speed (over 100Mbps or higher).
 Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) – this network covers a
metropolitan are like a town or city within a radius of
between 5 and 50km. They are data rates of 100Mbps and
above and are more expensive than LANS.
 Computer Networking – refers to a collection of independent
entities that are arranged in such a manner as to exchange
data, information or resources. 9
Purpose of networking 1
 Resource sharing –
different computers
are connected to
each other hence a
user at one site may
be able to use the
resource available at
another site e.g.
printers, programs
etc.
10
Purpose of networking 2
 Remote communication – this involves transmission of
data signals between two communication devices
located at different geographical location. Through
remote communication, people can be able to share
ideas and pass messages over the network.
 Cost effectiveness – reduction of resources in
networking lead to reduction in costs. Example instead of
purchasing many computers resources, one buys one
which can be shared hence reducing the costs.
 Distributed processing – if a particular process can be
sub-divided into several sub-process then each sub-
process can be processed at different sites co-currently
hence speeding up the entire process.
 Reliability – if one site fails in a computer network, the
remaining site can potentially continue operating. 11
Limitation of networking
 Cost – it’s expensive to acquire networking equipments, train
network administrators and users and maintenance of network. The
cost are high.
 Data security – data and information held on a network is prone to
more illegal access, danger of data theft and also tapping by
unauthorised people during transmission.
 Network failure – there is a danger of failure which may paralyze the
operational of an organisation besides damaging files and
programs.
 Moral and cultural effects – large networks like Internet have chat
rooms and messaging services that may enable underage children
to meet peers and adults on the net some of whom have bad
intentions. Access to pornographic and other negative materials is
also a problem.
 Over-reliance on networks – most organisations have done away
with manual operations. This means that all business process and
society depend on computer networks. The disadvantage of over-
reliance is that if the network fails then many systems will stop 12
Elements of networking
 Data communication media – a data communication is a
channel through which data is transmitted between
computers and other devices. Data communication
media are categorised into two:
 Communication with cables (bounded media)
 Two wire open lines cables

 Twisted pair cable

 Coaxial cable

 Fibre optic cables

 Wireless communication (unbounded media)

 Microwave

 Satellite

 Radio transmission

 Infrared transmission 13
Two wire open line cables
 Are made up of two
parallel copper wires
separated by a plastic
insulator as shown
figure right. They are
used in
telecommunication
network to transmit
voice signal.

14
Twisted pair cable
 This consists of two insulated copper wires
twisted in a spiral pattern to minimize
electromagnetic interference. It’s the
cheapest media used for both analogue
and digital signals. Mainly used in
telephone system. There are two types of
twisted pair
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
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Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP)
 They do not have a
shield the prevents
electromagnetic
interference hence
they are susceptible
to noise and signal
interference.

16
Shielded Twisted Pair (STP)
 They have a braid
wrapped around the
wires to shield or
protect them from
noise.

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Category of twist pair cables
 Twisted pair cables
are categorised into
five groups according
to the type of data
transmitted and
maximum rate of
transmission, as
shown in table right.

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Advantages and disadvantages of twisted pair cable

 Advantages
 Easy to install
 Very cheap

 Disadvantages
 Has low data transmission rates.
 It’s sensitive to electromagnetic interference.
 Suffers high attenuation.

19
Coaxial cable
 This cable has a central copper core which may
be solid or stranded wires surrounded by an
insulator. The insulator is then surrounded by a
hollow mesh conductor covered by a shield to
prevent electromagnetic interference. The
diameter of the centre core or conductor
determines the attenuation rate. There are two
types of coaxial cables:
 Thin coaxial cable (thinnet) which has one dialectric
insulator.
 Thick coaxial cable (thicket) has two dialectric
insulator around the core and is thicker than thinnet. 20
Samples of coaxial cables

21
Advantages and disadvantages of coaxial cables

Advantages
 They are immune to external electrical
interference because of insulation.
 High data transmission rate.
 Has capability of carrying more signals.
 They are very stable even under high loads.

Disadvantages
 Lack of security due to illegal taps.
 They are relatively expensive to buy.
 It’s bulky therefore difficult to work with i.e.
22
install.
Fibre optic cables
 These are made of glass fibres and
transmit information in light form. The
cable is made up of:
 The core – the central part of the cable which
is made of transparent plastic or glass.
 Cladding – it’s a single protective layer
surrounding the core, and has some light
bending characteristic inside it.
 Buffer – it surrounds the cladding and its
function it to strengthen the cable.
 Jacket – outer covering of the cable. 23
Types of fibre optic cables 1
 Single mode fibre – it
has a very narrow
centre core. The light
in the cable therefore
take only one path
through it making it to
have a low
attenuation rate.

24
Types of fibre optic cables 2
 Multimode fibre – it has a
thicker core and allows
several light rays to be
fed in the cable have a
high attenuation rate and
they are mainly used for
shorter distance
transmission. The light is
bent back into the core
hence propagates along
the length of the cable as
shown in figure right
below. 25
Fibre based network transmits data

26
Advantages and disadvantages of fibre optical cable

Advantages
 Has high bandwidth hence high carrying capacity.
 It’s immune to electromagnetic interference.
 Covers large distances because of low attenuation.
 Very secured because they are un-tappable.

Disadvantages
 Very expensive
 Installation is difficult.
 It’s complex to configure
 Broken cable is difficult and expensive to repair
27
Wireless communication (unbounded media)

 This communication transmit data from

one point to another without physical
connections. Example of wireless
transmission includes:

 Microwave
 Satellite
 Radio transmission
 Infrared transmission
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The electromagnetic spectrum
 Figure right is a
diagrammatic
representation of an
electromagnetic
spectrum. All these
waves travel at the
speed of light. For our
concern here, we will
only deal with
microwaves
radiowaves and
infrared waves. 29
Microwave
 In microwave
transmission signals
travel in a straight line
and therefore the
transmitter and
receiver must be in a
direct line of sight of
each other.

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Advantages and disadvantages of microwave

Advantages
 They operate at a high speed.
 It’s less prone to transmission errors unlike
twisted wire pair.
 Are capable of operating in digital or analog
data.

Disadvantages
 Signal is affected by atmospheric conductor like
lightning.
 Additional number of repeaters are added after
every few kilometres. 31
Satellite
 In this transmission microwave radio signal is transmitted
from antennae from the ground to a satellite on the orbit
around the earth. The microwave radio signal is beamed
to the satellite on a specific frequency called uplink
freq1uency where it is received, amplified and then
rebroadcasted on a different frequency called downlink.
The satellite transmit the signal to many earth stations to
form a point to multipoint transmissions. Very small
aperture (VSAT) is a new technology used in microwave
transmission. It’s a very small satellite dish used both in
data, radio and TV communication. This technology
enables direct access to satellite communication instead
of having to go through the sate owned or licensed
satellite gateways. 32
Satellite transmission system

33
Advantages and disadvantages of satellite

Advantages
 The cost is not dependant on distance.
 Has the second highest bandwidth after optical
cable.
 Earth station can be installed on a customer
property than layering extensive cables.

Disadvantages
 Any station can receive the signals.
 It’s expensive to install ground stations.
 Heavy rains or bad weather will increase loss of
signals 34
VSAT technology
 The new trends in microwave
transmission have seen the
use of very small aperture
terminal (VSAT) technology.
This refers to a very small
satellite dish used both in data,
radio and TV communication.
Many businesses are adopting
this new technology because it
enables direct access to
satellite communication
instead of having to go through
the state owned satellite
gateway. Figure right shows
VSAT technology as set up to
enable two laptops in
geographically disparate
locations to communicate.
35
Radio communication
 Radio waves travel just like
surface water waves, i.e. they
are omnidirectional. This
means that they start from a
central point and spread
outwards in all directions. As
they travel outwards, their
energy spreads outwards over
the covered area. The waves
are radiated into the
atmosphere by a radio
frequency antenna at constant
velocity. Radio waves are not
visible to the human eye.
Figure right shows a typical
radio waves link between two
separate geographical
locations.
36
Radio transmission
 Data can be transmitted over
radio waves communication.
The radio waves can be High
Frequency (HF), Very High
Frequency (VHF) or Ultra-High
Frequency (UHF). The high
frequency radio waves signal is
transmitted by directing it to
ionosphere of the earth. The
ionosphere will reflect it back to
the earth’s surface and the
receiver will pick the signal. Very
high frequency radio waves are
transmitted along the earth’s
surface. Ultra high frequency
radio waves use the line of sight
principle thus there should be no
barrier between the sending and
receiving devices. 37
Blue tooth technology
 This is a new
transmission technology
that enable people to use
hand held communication
devices like mobile
phones and personal
digital assistant to access
the Internet. It enhance
communication of
personal communication
devices through wireless
technology.
38
Infrared transmission
 Communication through this medium is
achieved by having infrared transmitters
and receivers. The transmitter and
receiver of infrared signals must be within
a line of sight in the same room.

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Advantages and disadvantages
of wireless communication

Advantages
 They can cover larger geographical area easily.
 They are flexible in operation unlike the bounded
media.

Disadvantages
 Initial cost is very high.
 Relatively difficult to establish or configure.
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Communication media 1
 Modem – It’s a device used
to connect computer to a
telephone line. It changes
the digital signal to analog
form and then analog back
to digital signal.
 Hub – it’s a component that
connects computers on a
network and is able to relay
signals from one computer
to another on the same
network.
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Communication media 2
 Repeater – it receives a
signal from one segment
of a network, cleans it to
remove any distortion,
boosts it and then sends
it to another segment.
 Routers – its
interconnects different
networks and directs the
transfer of data packets
from source to
destination.
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Communication media 3
 Bridge – it’s a network
device that selectively
determines the
appropriate network
segment for which a
message is meant for
delivery through address
filtering.
 Gateway – it’s a device
that can be configured to
provide access to wide
area network or Internet.
43
Communication media 4
 Network Interface Card –
it’s a circuit board that fits
inside an expansion slot of
a workstation and creates
a physical link between the
computer and the
transmission media.
 Switches – unlike the hub,
the switch forwards a
packet of data directly to
the address mode without
broadcasting. It transmits
the packet using a point to
point transmission. 44
Wireless communication devices 1
 Access points (AP) –
mainly used for
wireless devices such
as personal digital
assistants, laptops
and computers with
wireless links. These
devices need to have
antennas in order to
detect signals in the
surrounding. 45
Wireless communication devices 2
 Personal Computer
Memory Card
International Association
Cards – the PCMCIA is
an add on card inserted
into a device such as
personal digital assistants
or a laptop in order to
enable wireless
communication between
the devices and a wired
network server.
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Network software
 This refers to programmes that generally
manage a network. They include:

 Network operating system

 Protocols

47
Network operating system
 It’s function involves
 Making sharing of resources possible.
 Transmitting data around network.
 Respond to requests from application
programs running on the networks.
 Enables nodes on the network to
communicate with each other more efficiently.
 Implementing network security features.
 Supporting services.
48
Examples of network operating systems

 Windows NT/2000/2003

 Unix

 Linux

 Novell Netware
49
Protocols
 Network protocols are rules and technical
procedures that govern communication
between different computers. Data
transmission process is broken into
discrete systematic steps. At each step, a
certain action takes place and it has its
own rules and procedures.

50
How protocols work
 The data transmission process over
the network has to be broken down
into discrete systematic steps. At
each step, a certain action takes
place. Each step has its own rules
and procedures as defined by the
network protocols. The work of these
protocols must be co-ordinate so that
there are no conflicts or incomplete
operations. This co-ordination is
achieved through protocol layering.
Network protocols are designed after
the open system interconnection
(OSI) model. The open systems
interconnection model is not a
protocol as such but is meant to help
designers to come up with high
quality layered protocol it has seven
layers, each performing distinct
functions as shown in table right51
Examples of protocols
 Transmission Control Protocol / Internet
Protocol (TCP/IP) – TCP is responsible for
delivery of sequenced data over network.
The IP handles the address scheme i.e. it
does packet forwarding and routing.

 File Transfer Protocol (FTP) – allows the

user to connect to remote system, to sent
and receives files from that system. 52
Network topologies
 This refers to the way in which computers
and other devices have been arranged or
how data is passed from one computer to
another in the network.
 Logical topology – this involves the way data
passes from one device to the next don the
network.
 Physical topology – refers to the physical
layout or arrangement of components on the
network. 53
Examples of logical topologies
 Ethernet topology – in this topology, all
computers listen to the networks media
and can only send data when none of the
others is sending.
 Token ring topology – in this topology the
token (data packed) goes around the
network and only the computer whose
address is on the data held in the token
will take up the token to read the data then
release the token. 54
Example of physical topology 1
 Star topology – in this
topology, all devices are
connected to a central
hub. Workstations
communicates across the
network by passing data
through the hub. When
the hub receives data
from a transmitting
computer, it broadcasts
the message to all the
other workstations on the
network. 55
Advantages and disadvantages of star topology

Advantages
 Easy to configure.
 It’s easily expanded.
 If one workstation fail it does not affect the others.
 Allows centralization of key networking resources e.g.
server.
Disadvantages
 If the central hub fails, the entire network will be down.
 Requires more cables to install hence more
expensive.
 Installing this type of network topology is time
consuming. 56
Example of physical topology 2
 Ring topology – in this
topology all the
components are
connected to a single
cable forming a ring.
The data flows in only
one direction and the
signal is actively
retransmitted by each
node to its neighbour
if its not addressed to
it. 57
Advantages and disadvantages of ring topology

Advantages
 It’s simple to install.
 Data transmission is very fast.
 Use a short length cable hence cheap.

Disadvantage
 If one site fails it affects all the other nodes.
 Troubleshooting can be difficult.
 Modification may be difficult because adding or
removing a device can disrupt the entire
58
network.
Example of physical topology 3
 Mesh topology – this
topology uses
separate cables to
connect each device
to every other devices
on the network
providing a straight
communication path.

59
Advantage and disadvantages of mesh topology

Advantages
 Easy to troubleshoot.

Disadvantage
 Costly to provide the redundant cables.
 Difficult to install and maintain.

60
Example of physical topology 4
 Tree/Hierarchical
topology – all the nodes
are connected in form of
a tree with nodes as
leaves and links as
branches. The
transmission medium is a
branching cable with no
closed loops. The
branches in turn can have
more sub-branches.
Branches are connected
to each other by means
of devices called hubs. 61
Advantage and disadvantages
of tree/hierarchical topology

Advantage
 If the workstation below the main
workstation fails, the network does not fail.

Disadvantages
 If the top node fails the network fails
because it control all other nodes.
 Installation is expensive and complex.
62
Example of physical topology 5
 Bus topology – all
devices are connected to
a central cable called the
bus or backbone.
Transmission and
reception of a message
is done by all the nodes.
However, only one node
can carry out a
transmission at any one
time. 63
Advantages and disadvantages of bus topology

Advantages
 It’s easy to install.
 It’s less expensive.
 If one mode fails, others are not affected.

Disadvantages
 The failure of the cable will bring the whole
network to a stand still.
 Only one node can transmit message at a time.
 Difficult to troubleshoot.
64
Review questions 1
1. List four network systems that are not computer-based networks.
2. Define the term computer network.
3. Define the term communication.
4. Differentiate between a baseband and broadband signal.
5. State four advantages of networking.
6. Give two disadvantages of networking.
7. Differentiate between a network server and a workstation.
8. Explain the concept of distributed processing in networking.
9. Why is a network more reliable than stand alone computers?
10. Explain the three most common types of computer networks in use
today.
11. Differentiate between remote client and remote host.
12. Explain the term bandwidth.
13. What is a “resource” in networking?
14. Differentiate between half duplex and full duplex transmission.
65
Answer of review questions 1-1
1. Road networks, telephone networks, nervous system and railway
network
2. A computer network can be defined as a collection of computers
connected together using transmission media for the purpose of
communication and resource sharing.
3. Data communication is the process of transmitting data from one
location to another through a transmission media.
4. Baseband refers to a digital signal that is generated and applied to
the transmission medium directly without modulation while
broadband transmission refers to a process where analog signal is
sent over the transmission medium using a particular frequency.
5. Advantages of networking
A) Sharing of resources
B) Efficient communication
C) The running cost is low
D) Reliable and error free
66
Answer of review questions 1-2
6. Disadvantages of networking
A) High initial installation cost
B) Security threats
C) Moral and cultural effects
7. A network server is a computer dedicated to servicing
requests from other computers on the Internet while a
workstation is a computer connected to a network on
which users do their work.
8. Distributed processing is a configuration in which
terminals with processing power are located in a wide
geographical area.
9. If one of the computers breaks down information can still
be accessed from the server using another computer on
the network. 67
Answer of review questions 1-3
10. Common types of computer networks
A) Local Area Network (LAN)
B) Metropolitan Area Network (MAN)
C) Wide Area Network (WAN)
11. The computer mailing a remote request is called a
remote client while the computer that is being accessed
is called a remote host.
12. Bandwidth is the maximum amount of data that a
transmission medium can carry at any one time.
13. A resource is anything that can be shared on a network.
14. Half duplex refers to communication in both directions
but one at a time while full duplex transmission refers to
communication in both directions simultaneously. 68
 Review questions 2-1
1. Define the term transmission media.
2. Differentiate between a router and a gateway.
3. Why is a switch preferred to a hub on the network?
4. Compare and contrast a brouter and a router.
5. Describe an electromagnetic spectrum?
6. Describe at least five devices used in data
communications.
7. What is the function of a repeater on a network?
8. Give one disadvantage of a hub on a network.
9. Give one application area of infrared transmission.
69
Answer of review questions 2-1-1
1. A transmission medium is a pathway used for carrying
data and information from one station to another.
2. A router is a device used to interconnect different
networks and direct the transfer of data packets from
source to destination. On the other hand a gateway is
any device that can be configured to provide access to
WAN or Internet. This means that a gateway may not
necessarily be a router.
3. Unlike a hub, a switch directs a packet directly to the
addressed node without broadcasting.
4. A router connects logical networks while a brouter has
both functionalities of a router and a bridge.
70
Answer of review questions 2-1-2
5. Electromagnetic spectrum is a diagrammatic
representation of carious electromagnetic wave
frequencies. It consists of radiowaves, microwaves,
infrared radiation, visible light, ultraviolet rays, X-rays,
Gamma rays and cosmic rays.
6. Network Interface Card (NIC’s), modems, hubs,
bridges, repeaters, routers, switches and brouters.
7. A repeater receives a weak signal on the network,
cleans it and amplifies it for transmission over the next
portion of the network. Signals become weak due to
attenuation.
8. A hub may cause broadcast problems.
9. Communication in wireless devices. 71
Review questions 2-2
10. Explain the importance of a gateway on a network.
11. State two advantages of satellite communication.
12. Give two advantages of fibre optic media.
13. Define the term pitch as used in twisted pair cabling.
14. Give two advantages of coaxial cables.
15. Differentiate between single mode and multimode
fibre.
16. Describe the VSAT technology.
17. Explain the concept of a geostationary satellite.
18. Explain the importance of the wire braid in coaxial
cable.
19. Explain the line of sight principle in wireless
transmission.
72
 Answer of review questions 2-2-1
10. Gateway provide access to the wide area networks and Internet.
11. Advantages of satellite communication:
A) Covers a wide area.
B) As opposed to earth-to-earth microwaves, it overcomes line of sight problem.
12. Advantages of fibre optic media:
A) Allows faster communication.
B) Transmits data over longer distances compared to other cables.
C) It is immune to interference and eavesdropping.
D) Supports high bandwidth.
13. Pitch refers to the twists per foot of each pair of the UTP cable.
14. Advantages of coaxial cables:
A) Supports higher bandwidth compared to twisted pair cables.
B) It’s installation is relatively simple.
C) It can carry voice, data and videos on the network.
D) It is more resistant to radio and electromagnetic interference than twisted pair
cables.
73
Answer of review questions 2-2-2
15. Single mode fibre has a very narrow centre core
compared of multimode.
16. VSAT refers to a very small satellite dish used both for
data and radio communication. It enables direct access
to satellite transmission instead of having to go through
the state owned satellite gateway.
17. Geostationary satellite’s speed in its orbit is relatively
equal to the rotation of the earth hence, an observer
on earth will see as if the satellite is stationary in
space.
18. The braid protects the carrier wire from radio
frequency interference and electromagnetic
interference.
19. In line of sight principle, a signal is directed through a
focused beam from the transmitter station to receiver 74
Review questions 3
1. List two types of network software.
2. Give three examples of protocols used in networking.
3. Outline the seven Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
reference model layers.
4. Define the term network topology.
5. Distinguish between logical and physical network
topology.
6. Explain the importance logical and physical network
topology.
7. List four examples of network operating system.
8. Outline the functions of network operating system.
75
 Answer of review questions 3-1
1. Types of network software
A) Network operating systems.
B) Network protocols.
2. Examples of protocols used in networking:
A) Transmission control protocol / Internet protocol (TCP/IP). It is the main
internetworking protocol that has enabled the setting up of the Internet.
B) OSPF – it stands for Open Shortest Path First. This protocol is used by
routers to forward the packages on the network through the path that is
not only shortest but has least load.
C) NetBEUI – a local area network protocol and is limited to Microsoft and
IBM networks.
D) IPX/SPX – is an internetworking protocol like TCP/IP. It also routes
packets. However, duplication of network addresses is the main.
3. OSI model layers – application layer, presentation layer, session layer,
transport layer, network layer, data link layer, physical layer.
4. Network topology refers to the layout of the computers, printers, and other
equipment connected on the network. 76
Answer of review questions 3-2
5. Logical topology also called signal topology deals with the way that
data passes from one device to the next on the network. Physical
topology on the other hand refers to the physical layout or
arrangement on the network.
6. Does the actual sending of data on the transmission medium in
binary form.
7. Microsoft Windows NT/2000/2003, UNIX, Novell Netware, Linux.
8. Functions of network operating systems:
A) Provides access to network resources e.g. printers and folders.
B) Enables nodes on the network to communicate with each other.
C) Supports inter-process communication i.e. enables the various
processes on the network to communicate with one another.
D) Responds to requests from application programs running on the
network.
E) Supporting network services like network card drivers and
protocols.
77
Revision questions
1. Determine the type of a network characterised by:
a. Connection between computers, printers and other resources using
UTP cables.
b. Over 180 stand alones in an office building.
c. Over 254 computers connected to share resources in a city.
2. Explain the function of a NIC in networking.
3. The computer that is dedicated to serving requests from other
computers in a network is called a ( ) while the computer
that sends requests is called ( ).
4. Distinguish between thinnet and thicknet coaxial cables.
5. Distinguish between radio and microwave transmission.
6. The layer that surrounds the core of a fibre optic cable is called (
).
7. Describe any three types of physical network topologies used in LAN.
8. The device that connects workstations and the server to a central point
is called a ( ). 78
9. Define the term protocol.
Answer of revision questions 1
1. A). Unshielded twisted pair cabling – LAN.
B). Stand alones – None.
C). Over 254 computers in a city – MAN.
2. Network interface card creates a physical link
between the computer and the transmission media.
3. Server, Client.
4. A thicknet is thicker than the thinnet and has two
insulators around the core.
5. Microwave transmission is point-to-point while in
radio transmission the signals are Omni directional
i.e. they originate from a central point and then
spread outward. 79
Answer of revision questions 2
6. Cladding.
7. Types of physical network topologies used in
LAN:
A) Star topology.
B) Bus topology.
C) Ring topology.
D) Mesh topology.
E) Tree topology.
8. Hub.
9. A protocol is a special set of rules that enable
computers on a network to communicate.
80
Practical exercise

81
Setting up a peer-to-peer local area network
 This practical activity is a step by step guide on how to set up
a simple local area network. The following are some of the
requirements you need.
1. Hardware requirements.
2. Tools
3. Installing a network card
4. Installing the drivers manually
5. Adding protocols
6. Identifying your computer in a workgroup
7. Configuring transport control protocol/Internet protocol
(TCP/IP)
8. Media preparation and connection
82
9. Connecting the computers to hub/switch
Hardware requirements
1. A computer running on any version of
Microsoft Windows especially Windows
9x/2000/ME/windows XP.
2. Network interface card. Some computers
may have it already installed onboard so
that you do not have to purchase one.
3. A hub or a switch.
4. Transmission media preferably
unshielded twisted pair category 5.
5. RJ45 connectors. 83
Installing a network card
 The network interface card acts as the
physical interface or connection between
the computer and a properly terminated
transmission cable. As mentioned earlier,
come motherboards come with on-board
network interface cards hence you may
not need to plug in a separate add-on
card.
84
Steps of physically install an add-on card 1
1. Disconnect the computer from
the power source.
2. Open te system unit and
identify an empty expansion
slot on the motherboard.
3. Insert the card as shown in
figure right and screw it into
place. Some little force may be
needed to push the card into
place squarely. Make sure that
all the conductor points of the
card sink into the expansion
slot. Avoid touching the golden
conductor points and chip on
the card with your bare hands.
85
Steps of physically install an add-on card 2

4. Replace the casing then connect the computer to the power

supply and boot it up. If you are using Microsoft Windows 9x
and above, the computer will detect the new hardware
because of the plug and play feature found in the operating
system. It may install the protocols and device software
needed for the proper operation of the network interface card
automatically. If there is a problem of the card being detected,
you may have to configure the card manually using a disk that
comes with the card.

NB: some cards are slotted into Industry Standard Architecture

(ISA) slots while others for Peripheral Components
Interconnect (PCI) slots. Make sure you install in the right slot
and then screw into place. 86
Installing the drivers manually 1
1. Click “Start”, “Settings” then
“Control Panel”. In the “Control
Panel” window double click the
“Network/Network Connection”
icon. A dialog box such as the one
shown in figure right will be
displayed. (In some Windows
versions you may have to double
click the “Network and Dial-up
Connection” icon found in the
“Control Panel” then double click
the “Local Area Connection” icon.)
2. Click the “Configure” button.
3. Click “Adapter/drivers” and then
click “Add”. Follow the on screen
instructions screen.
87
Adding protocols
1. Make sure the “Network” dialog box is
open.
2. Click “Add” then “protocols”.
3. Click “Microsoft”, select “TCP/IP” and
“NetBEUI” from the network protocols list
then “OK”.
4. Click “Apply”.

88
Identifying your computer in a workgroup

 A workgroup is a collection of computers that

are on the same network. To specify your
computer and the name of the workgroup:
1. If you are using Windows 9x, click the “Identification:
tab from the :Network dialog box. If you are using
Windows Me, 2000 or XP. Identification (computer
Name) tab is located in system properties dialog
box. Right click “My computer”, click “Properties”
then click the computer name tab.
2. Type your computer name and the workgroup name.
the computer name you give must be unique.
89
Configuring TCP/IP 1
 In order to communicate with other
computers, you need to install and
configure a protocol. In our case let us
use TCP/IP. To configure TCP/IP,
1. Select the TCP/IP Ethernet adapter from the
list titled. the following network components
are installed / This connection uses the
following items.
2. Click the “Properties” button then the
“Specify and IP address” option. 90
Configuring TCP/IP 2
3. Type in the IP
address such as
[Link].
Each computer
should have unique
IP address. Figure
right shows a TCP/IP
properties dialog box
in Microsoft Windows
XP.
91
Configuring TCP/IP 3
4. Specify the subnet mask. Subnet masks are values
that allow the router to distinguish the network ID
from host ID portions of the IP address. If the IP
address is examined by the subnet mask and found
to be identical, the message is destined to a host on
the same network otherwise it is routed to another
network. Typically, subnet masks use the format
255.x.x.x. In our case let us use a subnet mask
such as [Link].
5. Click “Apply” then “OK”. The computer will prompt
you to restart in order for the changes to be
effected.
92
Media preparation and connection
 In this practical exercise,
we are going to use
twisted pair cabling
technique because it has
become almost the
default method. This type
of media uses a
connector known as RJ45
to terminate the cable.
Figure right shows
illustration of RJ45 port
and RJ45 terminated
cable. RJ45t is attached
to a UTP cable using
crimping tool.
93
Steps of attach an RJ45 connector to a UTP cable 1

1. Cut a piece of cable of

suitable length
approximately 3 metres.
2. Strip off approximately a
dimension centimetres of
the cable sheath on both
ends to expose the inner
pairs.
3. Untwist the pairs.
4. Using the wiring diagram
shown in figure right,
place the wires in the
correct order and trim
the edges to make them
even. 94
Steps of attach an RJ45 connector to a UTP cable 2

5. Insert the wires into the RJ45

connector, plug it in their
correct order and then push it
into the crimping tool.
6. Squeeze the handles of the
tool to make sure the wires
are pierced and held tightly in
the connector.
7. Repeat steps 5 and 6 at the
other end of the cable. Your
cable should now be
terminated on both ends and
should be like the one shown
in figure right.
8. You can then test the media
for continuity and correct
termination using the cable
tester. 95
Connecting the computers to the hub/switch
 It is now time to connect the computers together through the hub.
To connect the computer do the following:
1. Connect one end of the cable to the RJ45 port of the network
card and the other end to one port in the hub. If the hub is
powered, a LED will indicate the connection. Repeat all this
process for all other computers that you wish to connect on
the network.
2. To see if the networking is successful, right click the Network
Neighbourhood / My Network Places on the desktop. If all
the connected computers in the same workgroup can “see”
one another then you have succeeded setting up a peer-to-
peer network.
3. If not, you may decide to test the connection using the PING
command to test connection. For example if you have two
computers with the IP addresses [Link] and
[Link].
96
Steps of test the connection between the two

1. From the “Start” menu

of the computer with IP
address
[Link],
choose the “Run” menu
and type the command
[PING
[Link]].
2. Click “OK”
 A connection failure will
be displayed on the
screen as shown in
figure right above while
a successful network is
shown on figure right 97
below.
 Sharing network resources
 If you have successfully installed the network,
you can then start enjoying the benefits of
networking by enabling resource sharing. For
example if you are using Windows XP, you can
share resources by enabling sharing and
security as follows:
1. Open “Windows Explorer”
2. From the explorer window, right click the drive folder
or file you wish others on the network then select
sharing and security.
3. Click the “Sharing” tab then enable “share this folder”.
4. Type in the share name and set other options as
required.
5. Click “OK”. 98
 Chapter 2
Application areas of
information and
communication technology
(ICT)

99
Reservation systems
 This are distributed networked systems
that are used mainly to make bookings in
areas such as:

 Hotels booking

 Airline booking

100
Hotels booking
 Booking and reservation of rooms in hotel
are made from remote terminal connected
to a centralized computer database. A
customer makes enquiries via the remote
terminal connected to the central
computer.

101
Airline booking
 Major airline have centralized databases.
This means that all flights and passengers
records are stored in a computer system in
one location. Travel agents from all over
the world can access each data via
communication lines. In that way, agents
book in client where tickets have not been
bought.
102
Retail system
 Point of sale system – an
Electronic Point Of Sale
(EPOS) is a computer
terminal in retail stores to
input and output data at the
point where sales are
transacted e.g. supermarket
checkout counters.
 Stock control – a
computerized stock control is
used to track what is in stock
and what needs recording.
103
 Banking system 1
 Processing customer transactions – computers are
used in banks to carry out financial transactions
such as recording, deposits, withdrawals and
calculating interests on loans and savings.
 Electronic funds transfer – involves movement of
money using information and communication
technology e.g. when paying goods using credit
card, payment is transferred electronically from the
customers account to recipient account.
 Cheque processing – the use of Magnetic Ink
Character Reader (MICR) details of the cheque are
automatically entered into a computer for cheque
processing. 104
Banking systems 2
 Cash dispensers
(ATM) – they allow
customers to do their
banking at any hour
of the day or night
seven days a week.

105
 Educational systems 1
 Computer Aided Learning (CAL) – this presents educational
materials the way a teacher does in a classroom. In this
program there are clear graphical presentations such as
video clips and voice for demonstration or for explaining
concepts.
 E-learning – lessons and lectures are presented from
central site and presentation is transmitted to remote
conference terminals. Learners can also access learning
materials on the Internet.
 Computer based simulation – refers to the science of
representing the behaviour of a real life situation by using
computerized models. This programs creates real situation
which replaces very dangerous and expensive experiments
in science. Mainly used in areas where practical skills have
to be learnt like training pilots, engineers etc. 106
Educational systems 2
 Computer Aided
Instructions (CAI) – refers
to the use of a computer
to learn, drill and practice
particular educational
principles. The learner is
presented with
explanation of the
concept. The computer
then presents questions
from which the learner is
to select correct answer.
107
Industrial systems 1
 Modelling – computer modelling is the creation
of electronic representations of objects or ideas.
Computer model shows what something might
look like when the real thing would be too
difficult or too expensive to create and visualize.

 Process control – refers to the use of a

computer system to control an ongoing physical
process especially in manufacturing e.g.
regulating temperature, fluid flow etc.
108
Industrial systems 2
 Industrial simulation – this
allows some activities
that would otherwise be
expensive and dangerous
in real life situation to be
put under test e.g. a
plane crash test
simulation with the use of
a virtual model on the
computer screen that
represents the real
situation or object.
109
Industrial systems 3
 Computer Aided Design
(CAD) / Computer Aided
Manufacturer – this involves
use of a system that allows
products that have been
designed using design
application software, to be
transmitted into a automated
manufacturing system for the
product to be manufactured
as per the computer model
e.g. a motor vehicle engines
designed using CAD then
feeding it to an automated
machine which engineers the
required specifications. 110
 Transport system
 Air traffic control – airports and airstrips have been computerized.
Computers are used to monitor air traffic movement, take off and
handling of crafts. The human control errors and mistakes have
been eliminated due to computerized systems. Computers are
used for air reservations and also to direct aircrafts to follow the
shortest path between two locations.
 Shipping control – computers are used to load and offload an
also in docking of ships. Records are also handled with much
ease at the ports with use of computers also are used to control
and guide the paths taken by spaceships and water vessels.
 Automobile traffic control – computers are used to control both
human an motor vehicle traffic using a computerized lighting
system. These lights are controlled using a computer system or a
clock switch. Computerized traffic light systems have sensor
pads laid underneath the road which detect the pattern of the
traffic flow. The collected data is sent to a computer system
which detects and analyses the traffic flow. 111
Scientific Research systems 1
 Weather forecasting – modern
weather forecasting have been
automated using computerized
systems, hence weather
predictions are more accurate
and reliable. The data collected
from rainfall air, pressure,
humidity, temperature, clouds
etc are analysed with the help
of computer to predict the
weather patterns. Also
computers are used in
Geographical Information
System (GIS) and the
geographical data in graphical
form by positioning and
superimposing it on the world112
map.
 Scientific Research systems 2
 Medical research – the health care industry uses computer
based information systems for data processing operations
such as patient billing, accounting, inventory control,
calculation of health care statistics etc. they are also used in
scheduling lab times and operating room times, automating
nurses stations, monitoring intensive care patients,
providing preliminary diagnose etc. Computers are also
used to control devices that help to care for the
handicapped such as deaf, blind etc. expert systems are
also used to assist physicians in making diagnoses because
they can remember more facts that human doctors can.
Computerization of laboratory tests, such as the types of
blood and the testing of sugar levels leads to faster and
more accurate reporting of test results. 113
Scientific Research systems 3
 Military and space – many nations today have
developed strong military bases which have
international coordinates. This is managed by
computerized radar and other complex
communication machine. The jet fighters are
computerized, control centres are also connected to
create swiftness and efficiency in all operations.
Space exploration is another area where scientists
have applied the use of computers. The spacecrafts
and rockets are computers. The spacecrafts and
rockets are computerized which explore space and
planets which are controlled from manufacturing
bases by qualified computer experts. 114
Entertainment systems
 Music and video – in music industry, computers
are used in recording, synthesizing, editing and
adding special effects to music. In video
industry, computers are used to produce highly
simulated and animated movies, generate
scenes and actors.
 Games – three dimensional multimedia games
are now possible on personal computers. There
are computer games that simulate sports e.g.
driving, war combat etc. such games gives the
player maximum pleasure in a virtual
environment on the screen. 115
 Library systems
 Inventory control – computers are used to manage stock which
includes checking for books currently in shelves and those on
high demand that need adding and also those that have
become obsolete can be retired to archives.
 Cataloguing – computerised catalogues have replaced manual
card catalogue which enhance service delivery and efficiency.
The electronic catalogue is updated constantly when new
reference materials are acquired.
 Lending system – computerised library system manages the
issuance and return of borrowed reading materials. Books,
magazines, reports etc are given unique identification numbers
or codes. Members details are recorded once a book is
borrowed and updated when the book is returned to reflect new
status. 116
 Marketing system
 Electronic commerce (E-learning) – e-commerce involves the
carrying of day to day transactions of an enterprise
electronically through the Internet. The transactions involves
sales, promotions etc. companies and organisations have
logged websites for online transactions. The online buying
website tracks the whole session as the customer chooses
various items and calculates the total bill. Payment is then
made through a cheque, credit card or electronic fund transfer.
 Electronic presentation – marketing agents can create exiting
presentations concerning the procedures of business and
present them to audience using presentation software.
 Advertising – it’s possible to create advert materials and video
clip using simulation, presentation and animation software and
then have them displayed on billboards, broadcasted over
television or place them in Internet. 117
Communication systems
 Effective and efficient data communication is
achieved by use of high speed electronic
devices such as computers, cell phones, radios
and television. Some of the communication
systems include:
 Facsimile (fax)
 Radio communication
 Television sets
 Voice messaging
 Video conferencing
 Telecommuting
 Internet 118
Facsimile (Fax)
 This is a telecommunication
device used to send
documents via telephone
lines. A document is placed
in the machine, scanned and
converted into analog form
then transmitted over the
telephone line. The receiving
fax machine converts the
analog data into the original
softcopy and prints a
hardcopy. Sending fax over
the Internet, a special
modem called fax modem is
attached to sending and
receiving computers. 119
Radio communication
 Computer used in broadcasting stations
to:

 Record and manage radio programmers.

 Automate running of selected programmes.
 Create slides, simulate objects and sound
effects to prepare adverts.
 Download information from Internet to prepare
programmes like international news.
120
 Television sets
 Data and information is transmitted via a TV channel
same way. It is used to broadcast conversional TV
programmes. The most common types of data
transmitted via TV include:
 Teletext – this refers to a computerized service whereby
news and other information are provided on TV screens to
subscribers. TV is configured using a special adapter. The
subscriber can browse for information using a remote
controlled device.
 Videotext (view data) – this is an interactive computer
information service that can transmit text and graphics.
Computers and phones are used for two way communication
to order goods and services. A subscriber can interact with
the service provider databases and the information is
displayed on home TV screen. 121
Voice messaging and telecommuting
 Voice messaging – this is a combination of a
telephone and a computer to create a
computerized system that allows a message to
be sent in human voice without the receiver
needing to be present at the same time to
receive the message.
 Telecommuting – this is a term used to refer to a
situation whereby a person uses a computer and
a communication channel to establish a link with
a remote office computer. With a personal
computer connected to a company’s computer,
an office employee can communicate with the
office. 122
Video conferencing
 This refers to the use
of computers, a digital
video camera, audio
capturing equipments
and communication
networks to enable
people in different
locations to see and
talk to one another.

123
 Internet
 This Internet transmits huge amounts of information in
form of words, images and sounds. Some of the
services available on the Internet are:
 World Wide Web (www) – www refers to a collection of web
pages, which may be made up of text, images, animations,
sounds and video held on web servers. One can access
information using a computer or other devices like mobile
phones.
 E-mail – once you subscribe for Internet services through a
service provider, you can send or receive e-mails to or from
anyone connected to Internet using a computer or a WAP
enabled cellular phone. 124
Law enforcement systems
 Immediate and accurate
information is very crucial in
crime detection, biometrics
analysis using computers is
used in this area which
involves the study,
measurement and analysis of
human biological
characteristics. The biometric
devices attached to computer
are used to identify people by
recognizing one or more
specific attributes such as
finger, lips, facial features e.g.
iris etc. 125
Virtual reality (artificial reality)
 This refers to a condition in which a
person becomes psychologically
immersed in an artificial environment
generated by a computer system. The
following interactive sensory equipments
are used to achieve virtual reality effect.
 Head mounted display (HMD) headgear
 Gloves
 Virtual reality software
 Body suit
126
Head mounted display headgear
 A headgear is made up of two
tiny display screens and sound
systems that channel images
and sound from the source to
the eyes and ears thus
presenting a stereo three
dimensional sound effect in the
virtual world. The wearer of the
headgear is able to look
around in the virtual
environment. A boom is an
alternative to the often-
uncomfortable headgear.
Screen, optical and sound
systems are housed n a box
(figure right below). The user
looks into the box through the
two screens to see the virtual
world. 127
Gloves and body suit
 They are worn on the
hands to allow the user
navigate through the
virtual world and interact
with virtual objects. The
gloves have sensors that
collect data about the
movement of the hands
and relay the data into
the system. They give the
wearer a sense of touch
in the virtual world.
128
Virtual reality software and body suit
 Virtual reality software –this software gives the
wearer of the sensory devices an interactive
virtual sensory experience that makes him/her
feel as if he/she is in a world.

 Body suit – this is made of conductor wires

wound in a rubber suit. Te wires sense the body
movement and relay the data into the virtual
reality system which in turn adjusts the position
of the user in virtual reality world.
129
Application of virtual reality
 Virtual reality is used to represent any three
dimensional object or ideas that are either real or
abstract. Real objects include buildings,
landscapes, spacecrafts, human anatomy crime
scene reconstruction etc. for example a client
can be allowed to virtually move through a house
to build, pull drawers, touch objects etc. all in a
computer generated environment. Other
applications include: entertainment, training
military, simulation, education, design evaluation,
medicine, aircrafts, assembly of sequences etc.130
Review questions 1-1
1. Explain at least five areas where computers
used.
2. State the advantages of using electronic point-of
sale terminals as opposed to manual entry at a
supermarket checkout counter.
3. Discuss how a computer is used in
A) Reservation systems.
B) Banking.
C) Law enforcement.
4. Explain how computers have made it possible
for most organisations or institutions to have a
paperless office. 131
Answer of review questions 1-1-1
1. A). Financial systems: E). Communication systems:
A) Payroll systems A) Facsimile
B) Accounting systems B) Radio – internet radio
C) Banking systems
C) Television – video
B). Retail systems: streaming
A) Stock control
D) Telecommunication
B) Electronic point of sale
terminals E) Internet

C). Computers in reservation F) E-mail

systems: F). Computers in industry.
D). Educational systems: 2. A). Fast entry of data.
A) Computer aided instruction B). Less errors at point of
B) Computer aided learning entry.
C) Computer simulation C). Good stock management
D) Electronic learning procedures.
132
Answer of review questions 1-1-2
3. A). Reservation systems:
A) Keep record of reservations.
B) On-line reservation system (remote services).
C) Paperless transactions – paying via credit cards.
D) Easy to check for vacant positions.
B). Banking:
A) 24 hours banking facilities like automated teller machines
(ATM).
B) Immediate transfer of funds (electronic transfer) across
geographic locations.
C) Records keeping and accounting.
D) Efficiency enhanced.
C). Law enforcement:
A) Finger print record keeping.
B) Biometric analysis.
4. Electronic transactions 133
Review questions 1-2
5. Identify at least two areas where expert systems are
used.
6. Differentiate between
A) Computer aided instruction and computer aided
learning.
B) Computer aided design and computer aided
manufacturing.
C) Simulation and virtual reality.
7. Explain the role of robots in a motor vehicle
assembling plant.
8. Explain the term virtual reality giving examples of
devices used.
9. Discuss the devices required in order conduct a video
conference. 134
Answer of review questions 1-2-1
5. A). In medical institutions for diagnosis of diseases.
B). In mining companies for prospecting minerals.
6. A). Computer aided instructions involves drilling
students on techniques and content while computer
aided learning presents content and asks questions to
the learner later.
B). Computer aided design enables the user to design
products while computer aided manufacturing involves
controlling the manufacturing process using computers.
C). Simulation is creation of computer models on the
screen based on mathematical expressions. Virtual
reality is generation of 3 dimensional virtual models of
real world environments.
7. Robots carry out tasks that would have otherwise been
repetitive, hazardous and boring to human beings. 135
Answer of review questions 1-2-2
8. Virtual reality is a kind of computer simulation that
constructs models of real world environments. The
computer user can interact with the environment by
wearing special components namely:
A) The headgear/boom.
B) The glove.
C) The body suit.
9. A). A computer.
B). A digital video camera attached to a computer.
C). A network software for video conferencing.
D). A microphone.
136
Field work report
 Visit one in the information and communication
technology (ICT) application areas discussed in
this chapter and write a detailed report of about
five pages on the use of computers in the area.
The report should include the following:
 Title page
 Table of contents
 Introduction
 A detailed description of information and
communication technology implementation in the area
of field work study
 Conclusion
137
Revision questions
1. Differentiate between an electronic point of sale
and a cash register.
2. Explain how computers are used in accounting
systems.
3. Define the following terms:
4. Differentiate between computer aided design
and computer aided manufacture.
5. Explain why computer have become important
library management tools.
6. List some of the interactive sensory devices
used in virtual reality. 138
 Answer of revision questions 1
1. EPOS is connected to a computerised system hence utilizes
computer’s intelligence and processing power. A cash
register simply records cash transactions.
2. A). Generating payroll reports.
B). Generating ledger, balance sheets and accounts payable.
C). Balancing books.
D). Capturing daily transactions.
3. A). Biometric analysis: a computer system that can recognise
features of human body parts like fingerprints, iris colour,
facial features etc.
B). Telex: sending/receiving of text via television.
C). Videotex: sending/receiving of video via television.
D). Telecommuting: working from home via a computer
network instead of commuting to work. 139
Answer of review questions 2
4. CAD involves designing models using
computers. CAM involves controlling
manufacturing processes using
computers.
5. A). Keeping book records and stock
management.
B). Tracking overdue books.
6. Headgear, glove and body suit.
140
 Chapter 3
Impact of information and
communication technology
(ICT) on society

141
Introduction
 An impact is a positive or negative effect.
Information and communication
technology sector, like any other sector
has its positive and negative effects at
different levels in society.

142
Issues resulting from the use of ICT
 A number of issues have risen as a result
of use of ICT. These issues include:

 Effectson employment
 Automated production
 Issues of workers health
 Environment issues
 Cultural effects

143
Effects on employment
 The computer based information systems
have altered the job market. Incorporation
of computers has changed the way work
has traditionally been done. Also it has its
effect in employment through job creation,
job replacement and job displacement.

144
Job creation
 ICT has introduced new employment
opportunities that never existed before.
The use of computers in banks, industries,
communication, reservation system etc
has created new jobs titles such as
computer operators, programmers,
network administrators, software
engineers, system analysts, web
administrators etc.
145
Job replacement
 Job replacement – this is a situation
whereby certain jobs disappears in an
organisation but reappears in another form
requiring more and high skilled manpower
e.g. copy typist using typewriters are still
needed in organisations but now use
computer word processor instead of
typewriter.
146
Job displacement
 Job displacement – this is the process of
replacing man power with computerized
machines, their own or with the help of a
few skilled and highly trained people. In
most cases, the eliminated jobs are those
involving monotonous and unskilled labour
e.g. factory jobs can be displaced by
machine like robots.
147
 Automated production
 This involves computerization of production process in industries i.e.
the use of computer aided production which does not require high
manpower.

Pros of using automated production are:

 It reduces the costs of production because of the efficiency of
machines.
 It leads to improved quality of services and better range of products.
 Has helped in reduction of accidents in sectors like mining and
chemical production where much work is potentially hazardous.
 Efficient utilization of resources e.g. raw materials, personnel
equipments hence less operating expenses are incurred.
Cons of automated production
 It may lead to unemployment in some areas that are labour intensive.
 High initial cost of setting up an automated system. 148
Example of automated production
 Automated production
may lead to
unemployment in some
areas that are labour
intensive. For example,
what would have been
done by thirty people may
be done one person
using a machine. Figure
right shows a robot used
in the manufacture of
pianos and keyboards.
149
Issues of workers health
 The use of ICT and computers has some
effect on our health. Some of the negative
effects include:
 Repetitive strain injuries
 Electromagnetic emissions
 Eye strain and headache
 Stress
 Isolation
 Radiation and visual display unit
 Computer chip toxin 150
Repetitive strain injuries
 Repetitive strain injuries – these are
injuries resulting from wrist, hand, arm and
muscle strain, neck strain due to forced
repetitive movement e.g. when entering
data using keyboard. This can be avoided
by sitting in a relaxed position and
changing typing techniques.

151
Electromagnetic emissions
 Electromagnetic emissions – these are
waves of electrical and magnetic energy
that are emitted by current carrying
conductors. Computer users are advised
to use low emission devices in order to
avoid exposing themselves to excess
emissions.

152
Eye strain and headache
 Eye strain and headache – since computer
users have their eyes at close range with
the monitor, there is danger of developing
the Computer Vision Syndrome (CVS).
The syndrome is characterised by eye
strain, headache etc. the solution to this
problem is to use monitors with good
resolution and fitted with antiglare screen
that filters excess light, specific changes in
screen brightness.
153
Stress
 Stress – mental stress is another compliant.
Many people who work at computer feel that
they are expected to produce more and do it
faster because computer s themselves are
fast. Also those been monitored by
computers frequently feel additional
pressure.

154
Isolation
 Isolation – people can conduct business
and communication without ever coming
face to face. Computer operators can work
an entire shift, taking their instructions
from a computer screen, sending and
receiving memos to each other
electronically without engaging in personal
conversation. These people feel isolated
from other workers.
155
Radiation and visual display unit
 Radiation and visual display unit – there
have been reports that VDU emit
radiations that causes, birth defects,
blindness, cancer, miscarriages, sterility
etc.

156
Computer chip toxin
 Computer chip toxin – workers in
computer chip manufacturing industries
are exposed to toxic chemicals that may
pose health hazards similar to those
feared from VDU

157
Ergonomics
 The science of designing the workplace for
the comfort and safety of the worker. This
is the study of how living and working
conditions can be adapted to the
information technology. The need for
better working environment has resulted to
designing of special furniture to prevent
backaches, special monitors to prevent
eyestrain etc.
158
Environmental issues 1
 Energy consumption and
radiation – initially
computers consumed a
lot of energy hence
generated a lot of heat
and emitting
electromagnetic radiation.
In recent years the
Environment Protection
Agency (EPA) launched
energy star policy to
encourage minimal use of
power of electronic
devices. 159
Environmental issues 2
 Environmental pollution – it has
contributed to environmental pollution e.g.
garbage dumps of dead computer parts,
printers, monitors etc are disposed in
landfills hence causing environment
pollution Nickie-Cadmium laptops batteries
contain cadmium and when buried in
landfills can leak into underground water
tables and catchments areas.
160
Cultural effects
 Moral effects – it has changed the way we talk,
affected our primary, human rights and integrity.
Internet users are exposed to so many things
e.g. watching pornographic materials, chatting
online, sending dirty messages online etc that
affect morals negatively. People also use
computers as a tool to accomplish their vices
e.g. forging documents such as certificates,
passports etc.
 Computer crimes – this is the use of computers
software for illegal purpose. 161
Types of computer crimes 1
 Data manipulation – refers to altering the
data that enter or exit a computer e.g.
changing data on a certificate.
 Time bomb – this is coding a computer
program to destroy itself after it has been
run a certain number of times.
 Computer virus – a program entered into a
computer with aim of destroying or altering
data and spreading the distraction to other
computers. 162
Types of computer crimes 2
 Trap door – creating of a special password
that gives its creator a sole access to the
system.
 Data stealing – is using a computer to
steal information that has been gathered
for someone else legitimate purpose.
 Eavesdropping – tapping without
authorization into communication lines
over which computer data and messages
are sent. 163
Types of computer crimes 3
 Industrial espionage – using a computer to
steal designs, marketing plans or other
trade secrets from one company and sell
them to another company.
 Piracy – this is making unauthorized
copies of copyrighted computer software.
 Fraud – this is the use of computers to
cheat other people with the intention of
gaining, money or information. 164
Types of computer crimes 4
 Sabotage – this is illegal destruction of
data and information with the aim of
causing great loss to organisation.

 Logic bomb – it’s a program that is

executed when a certain set of condition is
made e.g. a fired employee can load a
logic bomb to a computer to destroy when
his records are updated on database. 165
Evolution of computer systems
 Future trends in ICT will be characterised
by:

 Rapid evolution in computer hardware and

software

 Artificial intelligence

 Expanded information superhighway

166
Rapid evolution in computer hardware and software 1

 Computers will be more intelligent, computers will be

able to learn in their environment, understand human
voice, respond etc.
 Software will be more versatile and easier to use.
 Technology will result to cheaper and more powerful
computers which will have faster processor.
 Industries will become more automated.
 More application software will be available because of
high speed, large available memory for programs.
 Education will have to fear itself to training students to
computer assisted services rather than teaching them
physically.
167
Rapid evolution in computer hardware and software 2

 Technology will result to

small size computers.
 Operating system that will
handle real time data
analysis and object
oriented will be
developed.
 Will have improved user
interfaces that offers
users easier and more
intuitive access to
information 168
Artificial intelligence
 This is the ability of computers to think and
reason like human being e.g. learning,
reasoning, communicating. Seeing and
hearing. To accomplish this technology a
more computer speed, more powerful and
more memory to accomplish this program
application areas of artificial intelligence.

169
Application area of artificial intelligence
 Expert systems
 Natural language processing
 Voice recognition
 Voice synthesis
 Computer vision
 Neural networks
 Robotics

170
 Expert systems
 This is software that store the knowledge of human
experts and is then used as consultant in a particular
field e.g. to help doctors diagnose patients.

Examples of expert system

 Mycin – used to diagnose blood and meningitis
infections.
 Prospector – used in predicting mineral deposits in
certain geographical sites.
 Delta – used to help people repair diesel electric
locomotive.
 Xcon 171
Components of expert systems
 User interface – this displays screen that
enables the user interact with the system.
 Knowledge base – this is the expert systems
database of knowledge about a particular
subject. It contains relevant facts, beliefs,
assumptions and produces for solving a
particular problem.
 Inference engine – is a software that applies the
rules from a knowledge base in the data
provided by the user to draw conclusion.
172
Natural language processing
 Natural language processing – this is the
ability of a computer to understand human
language and translate it to instructions
upon which the computer can understand.
The problem of natural language is that
they may be ambiguous and interpreted
differently by different people.

173
Voice synthesis
 Voice synthesis – these are machines that
are able to create human voice or talk e.g.
a computerized bank teller giving you your
account balance in human like voice.

174
 Voice recognition
 This is a system that will allow voice input. The user
inputs data by speaking into a microphone. A few
systems can’t satisfactory perform this task because
of:
 Words with similar sound e.g. here, hear.
 Different people pronounce same words differently.
 One word has multiple meanings.
 Computers that can recognise and read properly human
voice will make information systems and other computerized
applications accessible to people who can’t enter data in the
normal way i.e. blind, handicapped etc. 175
Computer vision and neural networks
 Computer vision – scientists hope to develop computers
that will process and interpret lights waves just as the
human brain does, such a system would use scanning
devices to sense and interpret objects, graphics and text
character shapes. It will allow a computer to see as
human do, read and interpret text in almost any format.

 Neural networks – this is use of electronic devices and

software to emulate the neurological structure of the
human being. The idea is to try and emulate the
cognitive learning process of the human brain and how it
recognises patterns. Artificial neural networks work
similar manner by perceiving stimuli and hence decide
whether to pass it on to the system or not. 176
Robotics
 A robot is a computer
controlled device that
emulates human being in
carrying out tasks that would
otherwise be dangerous and
difficult. Robots are mainly
used for simple repetitious
tasks on industries also in
dangerous jobs. Researchers
are coming up with robots that
will incorporate perception
systems i.e. a robot that will
sense, feel shapes of objects,
listen to ultrasound, detect
smell etc. 177
Expanded information superhighway
 This involves the integration of cables and
wireless technologies for the purpose of
data and information transmission. Fibre
optic cables are used to carry millions and
millions of data items per second.

178
Review questions 1
1. Explain at least three effects of
introduction of ICT in workplaces.
2. List three advantages and two
disadvantages of automated production.
3. Describe some of the effects of ICT on
human health.
4. Why is there concern on the disposal of
Nickel-cadmium batteries?
179
Answer of review questions 1
1. A). Job replacement: workers without IT skills are
replaced by computerised machines and people who
have the skills to operate the machines.
B). Job displacement: employees moved to another
department where IT skills are not needed.
C). Job creation: new jobs are created.
2. A). Advantages of automated production.
A) Efficiency, increase in production.
B) Productivity increases in work place.
C) Cost effectiveness.
D) Improved communication.
B). Disadvantages of automated production
A) Unemployment.
B) Data and information insecurity.
180
C) Over reliance on ICT may cause a disaster if systems go down.
Answer of review questions 2
3. A). Repetitive strain injuries.
B). Exposure to radiation.
C). Eye strain and headaches.
D). Pollution of environment due to
dumping of ICT related components like
batteries.
4. Nickel-cadmium battery contents are not
biodegradable hence may seep down to
the underground water table causing
poisoning. 181
 Revision questions
1. Explain the effects of ICT on employment.
2. Explain how the use of ICT may affect health and the environment.
3. Explain the role of Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
4. Define the term flaming.
5. Why should a parent be concerned when a child requests oftenly to be
given some money to go and browse Internet in a cyber cafe?
6. ( ) is an electronic device designed to emulate the human nervous
system.
7. Explain the four main areas of artificial intelligence.
8. Give a reason why success in natural language processing is important.
9. Define the term robot.
10. Describe the features and capabilities of an intelligent robot
11. Briefly explain the possible features of microcomputer and information
technology in a few years to come.
12. Briefly explain the concept “information superhighway”, its services and
potential growth. 182
Answer of revision questions 1
1. Effect on employment – job creation, replacement and
displacement.
2. Effect of ICT on:
A) Health – repetitive strain injury, eye strain, headaches and
electromagnetic emissions.
B) Environment – energy consumption, pollution etc.
3. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) launched the energy star
policy to encourage minimal use of power by electronic devices.
4. Flaming refers to the use of derogatory, obscene or dirty language.
5. Because the child might have discovered some dirty sites e.g. on
pornographic materials that are likely to affect the child morally.
6. Artificial neural networks.
7. Main area of artificial intelligence.
A) Expert systems.
B) Natural language processing.
C) Artificial neural networks. 183
 Answer of revision questions 2
8. This will make data processing task faster.
9. A robot is an automated device used to perform tasks that are
difficult and dangerous to a human being.
10. An intelligent robot has artificial senses that emulate the five
common senses of a human being. (this is an open question
that seeks to test whether students have any vision of ICT in
future).
11. Sublimation of ICT into a totally intelligence driven capacity
with devices that can emulate or simulate human
communication, speech, reasoning, learning and performance.
12. Information superhighway mainly deals with communication of
data and information on a large scale based on cable networks
and more sophisticated wireless communication. It is aimed at
making communication more efficient and reliable.
184
 Chapter 4
Career opportunities in
information and
communication technology
(ICT)

185
Introduction
 ICT has created new  Software engineer
job titles. Some of the  Computer engineer
computer career  Web designers
opportunities include:  Computer operator
 Computer technician
 System analysts  Duties processing
 Chief manager
programmer/program  Information system
ming manager manager
 Computer  Computer trainer
programmers  Network administrator
 Database  Computer typesetters
administrator (DBA)  Librarian
186
System analysts
 This is a person who is responsible for analysing a
company’s needs or problems then design and develop
a computer based information system.

Qualities of a good system analysts

 Should have good problem solving skills and creativity.
 Should have good communication skills.
 Must have business knowledge.
 Trained as analyst.
 Have general knowledge of the firm including its goals,
objectives.
 Should have knowledge of data processing methods and
current hardware and familiarity with available
programming language. 187
Duties of a system analyst
 Gather, record and analyze facts of the systems.
 Design new system and recommend changes to
existing systems.
 Prepare instructions manuals.
 Co-ordinates training for users of new system.
 Work with programmers to construct and test the
system.
 Prepares system specifications.
 Co-ordinates the implementation of new or
modified system. 188
Chief programmer/programming manager
 He reports to data processing manager what has
been reported by programming group, junior and
senior programmers.
Duties
 Managing the programmers.
 Liaising with chief system analyst.
 Review and control program documentation.
 Reviews programs performance.
 Ensures that all programme are well tested
before put into use.
 Reviewing all the system specifications before
handover to programmers. 189
Computer programmers
 These are people whose work entails coding i.e.
formulating instructions for the computer to solve
given problems.
Qualities of programmers
 Good command of programming language in
use.
 Knowledge of general programming
methodology and relationship between programs
and hardware.
 Creativity for developing new problems solving
methods.
 Patience and persistence.
190
Duties of programmers
 Coding computer program using appropriate
programming language.
 Testing of programs for logical errors, syntax
errors and semantic errors.
 Debugging of programs.
 Documenting programs i.e. program manuals.
 Designing and implementing programs.
 Maintaining and reviewing existing computer
programs.
191
Database administrator
 This is a person responsible for the design and
implementation of the database.
Duties
 Responsible for the design and control of
organisation database.
 Controls and monitors database usage through
assignment of user passwords.
 Keeping the database up-to-date by adding new
records, modifying or deleting unnecessary
records.
 He establishes the appropriate content and
format of data records. 192
Software engineer
 This is a person who is killed in software
development and technical operation of
computer hardware.
Duties
 Developing system and application
software.
 Developing user and technical
documentation for the new software.
 Maintaining and updating the software to
meet day-to-day requirements. 193
Computer engineer
 These are specialized personnel whose duties
are to assemble the computer systems.

Duties
 Design and develop computer components e.g.
motherboard, storage devices etc.
 Design and develop engineering and
manufacturing computer controlled devices such
as robots.
 Re-engineer computer components to enhance
its functionality and efficiency. 194
Web designers
 Web designers design website using
various software tools. These webs
contains pages where individuals and
organisation can advertise themselves
when promoting the products.

195
Web administrators
 He administrate the web organisation, websites
by making sure the website is updated
periodically to give the right information.
Duties
 Developing and testing websites.
 Monitoring the access and use of Internet
connection by enforcing security measures.
 Downloading information needed by an
organisation from Internet website.
 Maintaining, updating and modifying information
on the website. 196
 Computer operator
 This is a person who interfaces the user demands
to the computer hardware by use of set of special
instructions known as commands.
Duties
 Entering data into the computer for processing.
 Keeping up-to-date records of all information
processing activities.
 Responsible for the general equipment layout
within the computer room.
 Activating the computer to obey programs through
use of commands.
 Mounting the storage media e.g. disk to their 197
Computer technician
 These are member of the technical staff whose
job is service and repair computers.

Duties
 Troubleshooting computer hardware and
software related problems.
 Ensuring that all computer related accessories
such as printers, storage media etc are in good
condition.
 Assembling and upgrading computers and their
components. 198
Data processing manager
 This is the person in the data processing
department within the organisation. His major
duty is to ensure that the organisation’s needs
are met.
Duties and responsibilities
 In charge of data and information flow within the
department.
 Responsible in data collection and preparation.
 Purchase of hardware and other facilities and
their management.
 Software development and maintenance.
 Assessment and evaluation of staff 199
Information system manager
 This person controls, plans, staffs, schedules
and monitors all the activities of the ICT
department in the organisation.
Responsibilities
 Making sure that all tasks in the IT department
are done correctly and on time.
 Preparing budgets for the departments.
 Keeping the department inventory records up-to-
date.
 Managing the human resource within the
department. 200
Computer trainers
 These are specialized personnel in the field of
computing, well conversant with various
disciplines and computer related issues, which
they can execute with ease for those who are
first venturing into this field.
Duties
 Training people on how to use a computer and
various application programs.
 Developing training reference materials.
 Guide learners on how to acquire knowledge
through carrying out research.
 Preparing learners for ICAT examinations.
201
Network administrator
 This is a specialist who oversees the smooth
running of network systems in an organisation.

Responsibilities
 Set-up a computer network.
 Maintain and enforce security measures on
network.
 Monitor the use of network resources.
 Maintain and troubleshoot network rekated
problems. 202
Computer typesetters
 Graphic designers and typesetters are
required in order to design graphical
objects and profession publications e.g.
books, newspapers, magazines.

203
Librarian
 He is responsible for keeping the files in various
storage devices. He is responsible for the
physical security of storage media.
Duties
 Ensures that there are enough physical files
available for use.
 Maintains the external files labels.
 Ensures duplicates files are kept.
 Ensures access of files is restricted to
authorised persons. 204
Further educational opportunities in ICT
 There are other areas in computing where
one would further his or her educational
ambitions. These areas include institutions
such as colleges, university, polytechnics,
institutions etc.

205
ICT courses offered in tertiary institutions

 University
 Public university
 Private university

 Polytechnics

 Colleges

206
University
 This is considered as the highest
institution in formal education. There are
two categories of universities.

 Public university – they are established by the

state through the award of a charter and are
run by a state appointed management team.
 Private university – they are self sponsored
institutions set up by individuals, churches or
any other organisation. 207
Examples of university that offer ICT courses

 Public university  Private university

 Jomo Kenyatta  Daystar university
University of  Catholic university
Agriculture And Nazareth
Technology (JKUAT)  Kabarak university
 Kenyatta university
 AUSI university
 Nairobi university
 Maseno university
 University are authorised
 Moi university
to offer approved
 Egerton university diploma, undergraduate
and post graduate 208
 ICT related degree programmes
 Bachelor of computer science.
 Bachelor of information technology.
 Bachelor of science in computer engineer.
 Bachelor of computer networking.
 Bachelor of software engineering.
 Bachelor of business and information
technology.
 Bachelor of science in information technology.
 Bachelor of computer programming. 209
ICT related masters programs
 Master in computer science.

 Masters in information technology.

 Masters in hardware engineering.

 Masters in science computer engineer.

210
Polytechnics
 They are institutions of higher learning that
mostly offer diploma and certificate
courses in technical fields like ICT.

Examples of polytechnics that offer ICT

courses
 Mombasa polytechnic.
 Kenya polytechnic.
 Eldoret polytechnic.
211
ICT courses offered in polytechnic
 The courses can be diploma or certificate in the
following lines.
 Computer repair and assembly.
 Computer operator.
 Management information system.
 Computer programming.
 Computer networking.
 Computer software engineer.
 Computer studies.
 Information technology.
 Computer science.
 Computer hardware engineer.
 Web administrator. 212
Qualifications gained on study on sitting for an exam

 Diploma in computer studies, computer

science, information technology etc.

 Higher diploma in computer studies,

information technology etc.

 Certificate in computer studies, information

technology etc.
213
Colleges
 This is middle level that offer diploma,
certificates and craft courses in ICT and
other fields.

NB: qualifications are same as the ones for

polytechnic.

214
Examples of colleges
 Rift valley of science and technology.
 Kaiboi technical training institute.
 Thika institute of science and technology.
 Kiambu institute of science and technology.
 Coast institute of science and technology.
 Kirinyaga technical training institute.
 Nairobi technical training institute.
 Nyeri technical training institute.
 Kenya technical training institute.
 Kenya science teachers college.
 Machakos technical training institute. 215
 Examinations bodies for higher
diploma, diploma and certificates

 Information Technology Standards Association (ITSA)

 Institute of Management Information Systems (IMIS)

 Kenya National Examination Council (KNEC)

 PITMAN
216
Factors to consider before joining a
college to pursue ICT course

 Whether if offers ICT courses recognised

both locally and internationally.

 The cost of training with such institution.

217
Review questions
1. Explain the role of the following ICT specialists:
A) Database administrator.
B) Software engineer.
C) System analyst.
D) Computer technician.
E) Information systems manager.
2. Differentiate between a system analyst and a
programmer.
3. Outline the roles of a network administrator.
4. Differentiate between a software engineer and a
computer engineer.
5. List three types of job opportunities that are available in
the field of computer hardware. 218
Answer of review questions 1
1. A). Database administrator – designs, develops,
updates and maintains information system database.
B). Software engineer – develops and updates software.
C). System analyst – analyses, designs and develops
information systems.
D). Computer technician – troubleshoot computer
hardware and software problems.
E). Information system manager – managing ICT
operations.
 A system analyst is mostly responsible for analysing the
weaknesses of the existing system and designing an
alternative system while a programmer mainly writes
computer programs based on the system requirements. 219
Answer of review questions 2
3. A). Setting up a computer network.
B). Securing the network against unauthorised access.
C). Managing the network to enhance performance and
uptime.
D). Monitoring use of network resources.
4. Software engineer develops software/programs as per
requirements. Computer engineer designs computer
hardware and improves on existing ones.
5. Job opportunities in computer hardware:
A) Computer engineer
B) Computer repair and maintenance
C) Computer assembling 220
Revision questions
1. Give at least six examples of public and accredited private
universities that offer computer related courses in Kenya.
2. Identify at least three ICT related courses offered at
1. University level
2. Polytechnic level
3. College level
3. Define the term accreditation as used in education.
4. Identify ICT courses you would enrol in at the postgraduate
university level.
5. Identify three national polytechnics that offer ICT courses in
Kenya.
6. Identify at least three colleges that offer computer science
as a subject at diploma level.
7. State and explain some of the factors you would consider
before enrolling for an ICT course in a college. 221
 Answer of revision questions 1
1. A). Moi university B). Polytechnic level
B). Nairobi university i. Diploma in information
C). Kenyatta university technology.
D). Jomo Kenyatta university ii. Diploma in computer
of agriculture and technology hardware
maintenance.
E). Catholic university
iii. Diploma in computer
F). Daystar university programming.
G). Baraton university C). College level
2. A). University level: i. Diploma in information
i. Bsc. Computer science technology
ii. Bsc. Information ii. Certificate in
technology information technology
iii. Msc. Information systems iii. Diploma in education222
Answer of revision questions 2
3. Accreditation is the process of recognising an institution as being
able to offer degrees and diplomas.
4. A). Msc. information system /Ph.D
B). Msc. Information technology /Ph.D
5. National polytechnics in Kenya are Kenya polytechnic, Mombasa
and Eldoret Polytechnics.
6. Colleges that offer compute science as a teaching subject at
diploma level are Kenya Science, Kagumo Teachers College,
Kenya technical Teachers College etc. (The list is not exhaustive).
7. Factors to consider when enrolling for ICT course in a college:
A) Cost
B) Job opportunities
C) Whether the examinations offered are recognised etc.
D) The organisation offering the course.

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Written by
MURIUKI J.
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