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MIDTERM
TOPICS
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Victim categories
1. PRIMARY VICTIMS.
Are persons who directly sustained injuries and even the
immediate cause of his/her death as a result of the violence
inflicted against them.
2. SECONDARY VICTIMS.
Refers to a person who suffers panic shock or attack without
himself exposed to the actual danger or encounter in a
catastrophe.
Types of victims
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1. Completely Innocent Victims.
e.g. small infants/children who are raped or murdered or
kidnapped without realizing what is being done to them.
2. Victims with Minor Guilt.
such as pregnant woman who go to quacks for abortion and
pay for it with their lives.
3. Victims as Guilty as Offenders.
Engages in vice crimes and is hurt; Includes victim of suicide.
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4. Victims more Guilty than the offenders.
Those who provoke others to commit crime.
5. The most Guilty types of Victims.
Who commit offenses against other and get harmed or killed
themselves.
6. Simulating Victims.
Who give evidence in the courts in order to obtain sentence
against an accused person.
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2 types of victims:
1. REPORTING.
- Is one who is willing to report because he/she fears
and reprisals and punishments or social consequences of
doing so.
2. NON- REPORTING VICTIM.
- Is one who does not bother for the consequences of
reporting his victimization but is rather interested in getting the
offender punished or getting some relief for his suffering.
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CHAPTER 1
BIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIME
OBJECTIVES:
1. Identify the importance of Biological causes of crime to
explanation of criminal behavior.
2. Discuss the different principles of biological theories.
3. Identify the different types of biological theories.
4. Differentiate biosociology from sociobiology.
5. Analyze the strength and weakness of behavior and
evolutional psychology perspective.
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BIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIME
Focus on the mind as the center of the personality
and the major determinants in controlling human
behavior.
Look into internal sources, including genetic and
physical make up as sources of criminal behavior.
This theory viewed criminals as somehow different,
abnormal, defective, and therefore inferior
biologically.
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BIOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIME
According to Schmalleger (2011), early biological
theorists focused on physical features and heredity as
the source of criminal behavior.
Physical features
1. Facial features
2. Body type
3. Shape of the skull
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The case of Antonio bustamante
A well behaved teenager who suddenly at the
age of 22 became a career criminal.
His crimes included theft, breaking and
entering , drug offenses, and robbery.
In 1990, He was charged with Homicide foe
brutally beating an elderly man to death
during sloppy, impulsive robbery.
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Principles
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of biological theories
a. The brain is the organ of behavior; no theory of behavior can
ignore neurology and neurochemistry.
b. The basic determinants of human behavior, including
criminal tendencies, are, to a considerable degree,
constitutionally or genetically based.
c. Observed gender and racial differences in rates and types of
criminality may be at least partially the result biological
differences between the sexes and or between racially
distinct groups.
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d. The basic determinants of human behavior, including
criminality may be passed on from generation to
generation.
e. Much of human conduct is fundamentally rooted in
instinctive behavioral response characteristics of
biological organisms everywhere.
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f. The biological roots of human conduct have become
increasingly disguised, as modern symbolic forms of indirect
expressive behavior have replaced more primitive and direct
ones.
g. At least some human behavior is the result of biological
propensities inherited from more primitive developmental stages
in evolutionary process.
h. The interplay between heredity, biology, and the social
environment provides the sexes for any realistic consideration
of crime causation.
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Types of biological theories
1. EARLY POSITIVISM. (1880-1930)
a) Physiognomy/ Phrenology or Craniology- crime tendencies can be
determined through their physical appearance.
PHYSIOGNOMY. Deals with making judgement about people’s character
from appearance of their faces.
PHRENOLOGY. Determines personality and intelligence on the basis of
the size and shape of a person’s skull.
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FRANZ JOSEPH GAL “FATHER OF PHRENOLOGY”
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Thought that three major regions of the brain govern one type of behavior and
personality characteristics; Intellectual, moral, and lower. Gall’s approach
contained the following:
1. The brain is the organ of the mind.
2. Particular aspects if personality are associated with specific locations in the
brain.
3. Portions of the brain that are well developed will caused personality
characteristics associated with them to be more prominent in the individual under
study, while poorly developed brains areas are lack of associated personality
characteristics.
4. The shape of person’s skull corresponds to the shape of the underlying brain and
is therefore indicative of the personality.
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b) ATAVISM.
Came from the Latin word “avatus”
which means ancestor.
(Cesare Lombroso)
Criminals were throwbacks to an
earlier stage of evolution.
Criminals resembled lower, more
“ape-like” ancestors.
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Types of biological theories
2. CONSTITUTIONAL THEORIES.
a) Body types or Somatotyping- classification of
human begins into types according to body built
and other physical characteristics. (EARNST
KRETSCHMER & WILLIAM SHELDON)
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Kretschmer three basic mental
categories
CYCLOID (CYCLOTHYMES). The cycloid
personality, which was associated with a
heavyset, soft type of body, was said to vacillate
between normality and abnormality. Were thought
to commit mostly nonviolent property types of
offenses.
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SCHOZOIDS (SCHIZOTHYMES). Who
intended to possess athletic, muscular bodies
but it could also be thin and leans, were seen as
more likely to be schizophrenic and to commit
violent crimes.
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DISPLASTIC. Were said to be mixed group
described as highly emotional and often unable
to control themselves. They were thought to
commit most sexual offenses and other crime of
passion.
Williamz Herbert Sheldon personality
type
ENDOMORPHS. Heavy with short arms and legs. They tend to be
relaxed and extroverted, and relatively non-criminal.
MESOMORPHS. Are athletic and muscular; they tend to be aggressive
and particularly likely to commit violent crimes and other crimes requiring
strength and speed.
ECTOPMORPHS. Are thin, introverted, and overly sensitive, introverts,
sensitive and subject to worrying.
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Types of biological theories
3. HORMONES AND BODY CHEMISTRY.
a) 47:XYY “Super male” Syndrome. Chromosomal Abnormalities. Each
person normally has 23 pairs of chromosomes or 46 chromosomes
altogether. Twenty third pair determines the gender of the child at the
moment of conception.
XX Chromosomes- FEMALE
XY Chromosomes- MALE
XYY Chromosomes- Are more likely to be tall with long arms and
severe acne and to have lower intelligence.
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b) Heredity.
Transmission and characteristics from parents to offspring.
c) Dietary Factors.
One’s diet has impact on behavior.
d) Hypoglycemia.
A condition characterized by low blood sugar produced by too much
insulin in the blood or by near starvation diets.
e) Hormonal Influence.
According to James Q. Wilson, hormones, enzymes and
neurotransmitters may be the key to understanding human behavior.
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f) Premenstrual Cycle (PMS).
One final hormonal explanation of criminality focuses on
women.
g) Allergies.
According to Siegel (2019) allergy is defined an unusual or
excessive reaction of the body to foreign substances.
Cerebral Allergies cause an excessive reaction in the brain,
whereas Neuro allergies affect the nervous system.
Types of biological theories
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4. SOCIOBIOLOGY (EDWARD O. WILSON, 1995).
It is defined as a systematic study of the biological basis of all social
behavior. Sociobiology tells us that certain traits such as territoriality are
common to both animals and humans.
Behavioral traits are shaped by both inherited traits and the environment.
Biological and genetic conditions affect how social behaviors are learned
and perceived.
Behavior is determined by the need to ensure survival of offspring and
replenishment of the gene pool.
Biology, environment and learning are mutually interdependent factors .
INFLUENCE OF GENETICS AND ENVIRONMENT
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1. FAMILY STUDIES. Criminality is more likely to be found in certain families,
which would indicate that crime is inherited.
2. BEHAVIOR GENETICS. Branch of genetics that studies the relative
contributions of heredity and environment to behavioral and personality
characteristics.
3. GENE- ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND CORRELATION. Describes
people’s active transaction with their environment. Three types:
Passive- associated between genes and their environment.
Evocative- refers to the way other reacts to the individual on the basis of
their behavior.
Active- refers to the active seeking of environments compatible with our
genetic dispositions.
INFLUENCE OF GENETICS AND
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ENVIRONMENT
4. BEHAVIOR GENETICS AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR. Behavior genetic
help us to better understand traditional criminological theories.
5. MOLECULAR GENETICS. Genes are contributing to a trait. The DNA
6. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGY. Explores human behavior using a
theoretical framework and seeks to explain it with reference to human
evolutionary history.
7. NEUROSCIENCE. Understand the human brain and how it functions;
Understand and describe how the central nervous system develops,
matures, and maintain itself; Analyze and understand neurological and
psychiatric disorders, and discover methods to prevent or cure them.
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Reward dominance
Is a neurological theory based on the proposition that
behavior is regulated by two opposing mechanisms:
a) BEHAVIORAL ACTIVATING SYSTEM (BAS). Associated with
the neurotransmitter dopamine and with pleasure areas in the
brain.
b) BEHAVIORAL INHIBITION SYSTEM (BIS). Associated with
serotonin and with brain structure that govern memory.
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Prefrontal dysfunction theory
Explains why moral reasoning is inversely related to
involvement in persistent criminality.
Explains why criminality has been liked to frontal lobe
damage and to abnormal brain waves.
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CHAPTER 2
PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES OF CRIME
OBEJCTIVES:
Identify the different theories that help explain the psychological
aspects of criminal behavior.
Discuss how the psychological dimension of individuals that affect
their behavior leading to deviant and criminal behavior.
Compare and contrast the parameters of psychological and
psychiatric foundations of criminal behavior.
Summarize the basis of arguments of the different theories pertaining
to psychology of crimes.
PSYCHOLOGICAL
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CAUSES OF CRIME
Psychological theories are those derived from the behavioral sciences
which focus on the individual as the unit of analysis.
They place the focus of crime causation within the personality of the
individual offender.
According to Schmalleger, the psychological determinants of deviant
or criminal behavior may be expressed in terms of the following:
a. Manipulative personality
b. Poor impulse control
c. Emotional provocation
d. Immature personality
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Moral development theories
Describe a sequence of developmental
stages that people pass through when
acquiring the capacity to make moral
judgements
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Emphasize the process of learning and
internalizing moral codes.
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Personality theories
Assume a set of enduring perceptions and
predisposition (tendencies) that each individual
develops through early socialization.
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Cognitive approach
This approach refers to the attitudes, beliefs,
values, and thoughts that people hold about the
social environment, interrelations, human
nature, and themselves.
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Biological or neurological approach
According to Wright and Boisvert in 2009,
Biological approach often focuses on aggression
and violent behavior.
Developmental approach
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This approach examines the changes and
influences across a person’s lifetime that may
contribute to the formation of antisocial and
criminal behavior.
Psychologists have long linked criminality to
abnormal mental states produced by early
childhood trauma.