Introduction to Statistics (Basic Statistics)
Chapter One: Introduction
By: Changkuoth Jock Chol (PhD Candidate)
Bahir Dar University
College of Science
Department of Statistics
Departmen of Data Science
Email: changjock12@[Link]
Mobile: +251910108498
October, 2024
BDU-Ethiopia
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
1 Introduction
Statistics is the science of learning from data.
Commonly, the word statistics defined as numerical data/plural senses & a field
of study/singular senses.
aggregates of numerically expressed figures collected
Plural
in a systematic manner for a pre-determined purpose.
Statistics the science of collecting, organizing, presenting,
Singular analyzing & interpreting numerical data for making
wise decisions.
Hence, statistics is a procedural process performing the five major
activities on numerical data called Stages in statistical Investigation.
Collection,
What are Organization,
the 5 major Data Presentation,
activities?
Analysis
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
Interpretation
1 Introduction
Thus, statistics is divided into two main areas, depending on how data are used.
consists of the collection, organization,
Classification Descriptive summarization, and presentation of data.
of statistics
consists of generalizing from samples to
Inferential population
by
General Procedures
performing estimations & hypothesis
Populatio tests about a population, based on
Sample Data
n
information obtained from samples
determining relationships among
Paramete Statist variables &
r Infer ic making predictions
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
1 Introduction
In any statistical investigation,
the first step is to collect a set of related observations (data) from which
statistical conclusions may be drawn.
1 a set of related information (facts)/ a real value of the variable
Data
2 We have different types of data under different basis of classification.
These are:
Classifications by Sources
Classification by the Role of Time
Classification by Scale of
Measurement
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
1 Introduction
Measurement Levels
Differences between
measurements, true
zero & ratio exists
Ratio Data
Quantitative Data
Differences between
measurements but no
true zero & ratio
Interval Data
Ordered Categories
(rankings, order, or scaling) Ordinal Data
Qualitative Data
Categories (no ordering
or direction) Nominal Data
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
1 Introduction
In our discussion of statistics we have frequently used terminologies. The ff are some:
A collection, or set, of individuals or objects or events
Population whose properties are to be analyzed.
A subset of the population.
Sample
A number that describes a population characteristic
Basic Terms Parameter
A number that describes a sample characteristic
Statistic
Is a characteristic that takes on different values in
Variable
different persons, places, or things
Experiment A planned activity whose results yield a set of data
Data a set of related information (facts)/ a real value of the
variable
1 Introduction
There are quantitative & qualitative types of variables.
Types of
1 Quantitative: It can be measured in the usual sense
Variables
2 Qualitative: Many characteristics are not capable of being measured.
Some of them can be ordered or ranked.
Types of
1 Discrete: is characterized by gaps or interruptions in the values that it
can assume.
quan Var
2 Continuous: can assume any value within a specified relevant interval
of values assumed by the variable.
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])
1 Introduction
Uses, Applications & Limitations of statistics.
It represents the facts in a definite form.
It facilitates comparison of data.
Uses
It helps in formulating and testing hypothesis and develops new theories.
It gives guidance in the formulation of suitable polices.
In chemistry: in evaluating the effects of T0 & other climatic conditions
In governmental activities: estimating and predicting of air pollution
Application In agriculture: experiments of crop yields, types of fertilizers & soils
In production: to produce a chemical based on the demand
In pharmaceutical areas: to test the effectiveness of a new drug
It deals on aggregates of facts
Statistical data are only approximately and not mathematically correct.
Limitations
Statistical interpretations require a high degree of skill & subject matter
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J.
knowledge (changjock12@[Link])
Thank you
all for your
attention!
Introduction to Statistics by Changkuoth J. (changjock12@[Link])