LESSON 1:
RANDOM
VARIABLE
Figure shows
how human
beings are
fascinated with
the different
events that
involve
• Humans are trying to make decisions based on how
likely a particular event or experiment will happen. Since
probability is all about chance, human-beings are
trying to search for the ways to represent these events.
Humans created random variable and use the concept
to make it easy for an individual to verify the different
results or probabilities of a given events or situation.
In your basic probability class before, you already
discussed the following terms:
experiments/events, outcomes, sample, and
sample spaces.
• Experiments are any movement or activity
which can be dome repeatedly under similar or
comparative condition. The outcomes are the
result of a given experiment while the sample
space is the set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment.
In your basic probability class before, you already
discussed the following terms:
experiments/events, outcomes, sample, and
sample spaces.
• Experiments are any movement or activity
which can be dome repeatedly under similar or
comparative condition. The outcomes are the
result of a given experiment while the sample
space is the set of all possible outcomes of an
experiment.
Example:
• rolling a die (dice) is an example of experiment. Upon
rolling the die, it is expected that it will show a dot on
the top which are either 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6, these are
what we call the sample space of the given
experiment. If you are only interested on a given value
of dots, let say, three dots, then “3” is what we call the
outcome or the sample.
Variable
• Recall also that a variable is a characteristic or
attribute that can assume different values (e.g. in
algebra, variables like x can be any number). We
are going to use capital letter (X, Y, Z, and others)
to denote or represent a variable.
Random Variable
• A random variable is a capacity that connects a real
number withevery component in the sample space. It is a
variable whose qualities arecontrolled by chance. In this
manner, a random variable is a numerical amount that is
derived from the results of an arbitrary trial.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
• Suppose you have three coins. We want to find the
number of heads that will occur after tossing the coins.
• To determine the number of sample space, we are going to
use the basic probability rule. Since there are three
coins, and each coin will give us 2 outcomes, then �(�) =
2 2 2 = possible outcomes or sample space.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
• We are going to use tree diagram to show us the possible outcomes
of the said experiment. Tree diagram is used in probability to show
possibilities of an event.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
• On the given experiment, there are 8 sample spaces and since we
are interested to the number of heads (H) in each of the possible
outcomes.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
• On the given experiment, there are 8 sample spaces and since we
are interested to the number of heads (H) in each of the possible
outcomes.
Example 1: TOSSING THREE COINS
this case are 0, 1,
2, and 3. These
are what we call
the RANDOM
VARIABLE.
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
1. Discrete Random Variables are variables that can take on a
finite number of distinct values. In easier definition, discrete
random variable is a set of possible outcomes that is countable.
Examples are the number of heads acquired while flipping a
coin three times, the number of defective chairs, the number
of boys in the family, the number of students present in the
online class, and more.
TYPES OF RANDOM VARIABLE
2. Continuous Random Variable are random variables
that take an infinitely uncountable number of
potential values, regularly measurable amounts.
Often, continuous random variables represent
measured data, such as height, weights, and
temperature.
ACTIVITY: CLASSIFY ME!
DIRECTIONS: CLASSIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING
RANDOM VARIABLES ARE DISCRETE OR CONTINUOUS.
1. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
2. The average amount of electricity consumed per
household per month.
3. The number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical clinic.
4. The number of bushels of mangoes per hectare this year.
5. The number of voters favoring a candidate.
ACTIVITY: BOYS OR GIRLS?
• An experiment consists of studying the
number of boys in families with exactly
2 children. The random variable X may
be used to represent the number of
boys.
ACTIVITY 1: CLASSIFY ME!
DIRECTIONS: CLASSIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING
RANDOM VARIABLES ARE DISCRETE OR
CONTINUOUS. WRITE D OR C ONLY.
_________1. The number of deaths per year attributed to lung cancer.
_________2. The average amount of electricity consumed per
household per month.
_________3. The number of patient arrivals per hour at a medical clinic
_________4. The number of bushels of mangoes per hectare this year.
_________5. The number of voters favoring a candidate.
_________6. The number of people who are playing LOTTO each day.
_________7. The amount of sugar in a cup of coffee.
_________8. The time needed to finish the test.
_________9. The number of female athletes in R1AA.
ACTIVITY 1: CLASSIFY ME!
DIRECTIONS: CLASSIFY WHETHER THE FOLLOWING
RANDOM VARIABLES ARE DISCRETE OR
CONTINUOUS. WRITE D OR C ONLY.
_________10. The speed of a car.
_________11. The number of dropouts in a school district
for a period of 10 years.
_________12. The amount of paint utilized in a building
project.
_________13. The number of siblings in a family of a
region.
_________14. The weight of newborns each year in a
hospital.
_________15. The number of COVID-19 cases each day.
LESSON 2
PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION AND ITS
PROPERTIES
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION AND ITS
PROPERTIES
• Before we have the definition of probability
distribution for a discrete random variable and
its properties, we need to tackle the problem
below to show how to deal with probability
distribution. Read and analyze the problem
carefully.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE:
• In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants to find out if
there is a defective keyboard among its computer set.
Supposed three keyboards were tested at random, he asked
one of his learners to list all the possible outcomes, such that
D represents the defective keyboard and N represents the
non-defective. Let X be the random variable for the number of
defective keyboards. Then, illustrate the probability
distribution of the random variable X.
SOLUTIONS:
• To solve the problem, you must
consider first the steps in determining
the values of the random variable that
you had learn from your previous
discussion.
SOLUTIONS:
a. Let D represent the defective keyboard
and N for non-defective computer.
SOLUTIONS:
b. Count the number of defective keyboards in each outcome in the
sample space and assign this number to the outcome. For instance,
if you list NND, then the number of defective keyboards is 1.
SOLUTIONS:
b. Count the number of defective keyboards in each outcome in the
sample space and assign this number to the outcome. For instance,
if you list NND, then the number of defective keyboards is 1.
There are four
possible values of
the random
variable X
representing the
number of
defective
keyboards. The
possible values
SOLUTIONS:
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S
of equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the
random variable X represents the number of defective keyboards.
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the
probability is:
SOLUTIONS:
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S
of equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the
random variable X represents the number of defective keyboards.
If each of the outcomes is equally likely to occur, then the
probability is:
SOLUTIONS:
c. Each of these numbers corresponds to an event in the sample space S
of equally likely outcomes for this experiment. Since the value of the
random variable X represents the number of defective keyboards.
SOLUTIONS:
d. By adding all the probabilities or the
values of P(X)
SOLUTIONS:
e. From the given activity, you can observe that the values of the
probability ranges from 0 to 1 only. No values of the probability
will be lesser than zero and no values will be greater than 1.
PROPERTIES OF DISCRETE
PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
EXAMPLE 1:
EXAMPLE 2:
EXAMPLE 2:
ACTIVITY:
DIRECTION: FIND THE RANDOM VARIABLE
AND PROBABILITY OF THE PROBLEM.
• Suppose you have four coins. We
want to find the number of heads that
will occur after tossing the coins. Let
X be the random variable for the
heads.
ACTIVITY 1: AM I A PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION?
LESSON 3
COMPUTING PROBABILITY
CORRESPONDING TO A
GIVEN RANDOM VARIABLE
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLE 1:
• Golden’s Bakery is known for its famous Filipino
delicacies. Among these foods which is native
delicious food called “kakanin” is a “leche puto”. The
bakeshop owner recorded the number of boxes of
“leche puto” that were delivered each day. The
number of boxes delivered for 10 days is shown
below:
THE NUMBER OF BOXES DELIVERED FOR 10
DAYS IS SHOWN BELOW:
QUESTIONS:
QUESTIONS:
To answer the questions
above, let us construct
first the probability
distribution. Let X be the
value of the random
variable represented by
the number of boxes of
“leche puto”. The
probability distribution is
shown below.
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
SOLUTION:
ACTIVITY:
The probabilities that a customer buys 5,6,7,
8, and 9 items in a convenience store has the
following probability distribution.
QUESTIONS:
• a. What is the probability that a customer
will buy at least 6 items?
• b. What is the probability that a customer
will buy at most 7 items?