1. Why does our appliances functions or works?

2. What devices have you seen if you try to open your appliances?

3. If you compare the appliances we used at home before year 80s, 90s to present,
what are there differences?

4. What is CRT TV and Van de Graaff generators?

◦ (Cathode Ray Tube) are classic applications of electric potential and energy, showcasing how electric fields influence
our daily lives.
5. What is the Role of Capacitors in Modern Technology

 Capacitors are integral to the functioning of circuits, including their role

in storing and releasing energy in power supplies, flash cameras, and
even defibrillators in medical equipment.

Capacitors in batteries and power grids store energy efficiently, ensuring

smooth operation of electronic devices and systems.

. Theyplay a key role in ensuring the reliability of electrical devices we rely

on every day—imagine the impact of understanding how they work!”
ELECTRIC FIELD VECTOR
 • Title: Understanding Electric Fields,
Potential, and Capacitance
Subtitle: Learning Competencies and Key
Concepts
1) infer the direction and strength of electric field vector, nature of the
electric field sources, and electrostatic potential surfaces given the
equipotential lines;
2) calculate the electric field in the region given a mathematical function
describing its potential in a region of space;
3) solve problems involving electric potential energy and electric potentials in
context such as, but not limited to, electron guns in CRT TV picture tubes
and Van de Graff generators;
4) deduce the effects of simple capacitors (e.g., parallel-plate,
spherical, cylindrical) on the capacitance, charge, and potential difference
when the size, potential difference, or charge is changed; and
5) calculate the equivalent capacitance of a network of capacitors connected
in series/parallel.
Capacitance

◦ The energy of a charged particle can be stored in a device

known as the capacitor.
◦ Capacitors have various applications.
◦ They can also be found in computers, cell phones, and many
other devices.
◦ A capacitor serves as a storehouse of energy.
◦ It works whenever there is a sudden change in voltage of an
electric component.
◦ Capacitors are simple passive device that can store an electrical
charge on their plates when connected to a voltage source.
 There are many different kinds of capacitors available from
very small capacitor beads used in resonance circuits to large
power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same
thing, they store charge.

A capacitor consists of two or more parallel conductive

(metal) plates which are not connected or touching each
other, but is electrically separated either by air or by some
form of a good insulating material such as waxed paper, mica,
ceramic, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in
electrolytic capacitors. The insulating layer between capacitors
plates is commonly called the dielectric.
 In this figure, two parallel plates of area A is
being stored with charges Q and –Q on
opposite plates using a battery of given
potential difference. The plates are maintained
at a separation distance d.
The separation distance is small compared
to the area of the plates. The electric filed is
almost completely restricted on the area of the
plates and the field is uniform.
This arrangement is known as a parallel
plate capacitor.

Note:

Electric field lines in this parallel plate capacitor, as always, start on positive charges and end on negative
charges. Since the electric field strength is proportional to the density of field lines, it is also proportional to the
amount of charge on the capacitor.
 Capacitance can be determined:
• The area A of the plates
• the properties of the dielectric material between the plates.
• For a parallel plate capacitor, capacitance is directly
proportional to the area A of each conducting plate and
inversely proportional to the distance d separating the two
plates. In mathematical equation it is expressed as:

where: E0 – permittivity of the free space

that has a value of 8.85 x 10-12
C – capacitance N/m
(F) A - area of the plates (m2)
D - distance between the plates (m)
 The SI unit for capacitance is farad F.
One farad =1 coulomb per volt (C/V).
• One farad is very large
• used to express the smaller units:
• 1 microfarad µF =10-6 F
• 1 nanofarad nF =10-9 F;
• 1 picofarad pc = 10-12 F.

When the capacitance is large, the amount of charged

stored is greater in a given potential difference.
 During the process of charging, charges are stored on the plates.
When voltage is applied to the terminals of the capacitor, electrons
move from one plate and flow to the other plate. The total number of
electrons in the capacitor remains the same. When charging is
complete, the battery can be disconnected. The voltage across the
plate is the same as the voltage across the battery.
The capacitor’s ability to store electric charge is called
capacitance. The stored electric charge Q is proportional to the
voltage V applied to the capacitor of known capacitance C. On
symbols, this is written as:
• A cylindrical capacitor is made up of a conducting cylinder
or wire of radius a surrounded by another concentric
cylindrical shell of radius b where b > a.
• This is a special type of parallel plate capacitor in which
the insulating dielectric layer is rolled up between the
plates.
• In this type of capacitor a cylindrical conductor having
linear charge density +λ is surrounded by a coaxial
cylindrical conducting shell having charge density –λ.
• Due to attraction between unlike charges, the charges
will be spread out uniformly on the outer surface of the
inner conductor and the inner wall of the outer conductor.
• The capacitance of a cylindrical capacitor, depends
only on the geometrical factors like length of the
cylinder and the radius of the two coaxial cylindrical
conductors.
 A spherical capacitor is formed by two concentric
conducting spheres. Let's assume that the inner sphere has
an outer radius r1, charge +q and the outer sphere has an
inner radius r2 and charge –q. The electric field is
perpendicular to the surface of both spheres and points
radially outward. All the capacitors, like batteries, store
energy to be used at a later time. But unlike a standard
battery, they deliver quick, intense bursts of energy. As a
result, capacitors can withstand significantly more charge
and discharge cycles than batteries and can deliver more
power at a time. Capacitors can even be used with batteries.
 Capacitors in Series Connection

When the capacitors are placed in a connection where the circuit

elements are arranged side by side each other as shown in the figure 2
below, the capacitors are in series connection.
 Capacitors in series all have the same current so each capacitor
stores the same amount of charge regardless of its capacitance.

 The reciprocal of the equivalent capacitance in a capacitor connected in

series is the sum of the reciprocal of the individual capacitance of the
capacitors. This means that the equivalent capacitance is always less than
the individual capacitance.

 Since the charge in the equivalent capacitor is the same for both capacitors,
then the potential differences across each capacitor can be calculated using:
 The capacitors have values C1 = 7.0 µF and C2 = 3.0 µF, and
the potential difference across the battery is 9.0 V. Assume that
the capacitors are connected in series.
a)Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit.
b)Solve for the potential difference across each capacitors.
 The equivalent capacitance found in part a is less
than the value of the capacitance in the capacitor. In
part b, the largest value of potential difference was
obtained for the smallest value of capacitance. Notice
also that the sum of the potential differences across the
7.0 microfarad and the 3.0 microfarad capacitors
would be 9.0 V, which is the potential difference across
the battery.
 Capacitors in Parallel Connection

When capacitors are placed in circuit connection as shown in

figure 3, the capacitors are in parallel connection.
The equivalent capacitance for capacitors connected in parallel is the sum of the
individual capacitance of the capacitors. This means that the equivalent
capacitance is greater than the individual capacitance

In a parallel connection, the potential difference across each capacitor is

the same as the potential difference across the battery.
The charge on each capacitor can be calculate using:
 The capacitors have values C1 = 7.0 µF and C2 = 3.0 µF, and the potential
difference across the battery is 9.0 V. Assume that the capacitors are
connected in parallel.
a) Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit.
b) Solve for the charge across each capacitors.
 The equivalent capacitance is larger than the value of the
individual capacitor as in part a. In part b, the capacitor with the
largest value has the largest amount of charge. Getting the sum of
the charges for both capacitors gives the total charge for the
equivalent capacitance.
 Direction: Solve the problems systematically. (10 points each).
1. What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with metal plates, each of
area 1.00 m2, separated by 2.00 mm? What charge is stored in this capacitor if
a voltage of 3.00 × 103 V is applied to it?

2. The capacitors have values C1 = 2.0 µF and C2 = 4.0 µF, C3 = 5.0 µF

C4 = 7.0 µF and the potential difference across the battery is 9.0 V.
Assume that the capacitors are connected in series.
a)Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit.
b)Solve for the potential difference across each capacitors.
3. Given the same problem in #2. Assume that the capacitors are connected in
parallel.

c) Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit.

d)Solve for the charge across each capacitors.
 1. What is the insulating material that is placed in
between capacitors to maintain the smallest possible separation
between the plates?
A. dielectric B. diatomic C. diode D. drape
2. What is the storehouse of energy for electrical devices?
A. capacitance B. capacitor C. battery D. resistor
3. Which of the following statements is TRUE?
A. The SI unit for capacitance is farad
B. Farad is equivalent to joule per second
C. Capacitance is the ratio between charge and resistor
D. Capacitance increases when capacitors are connected in a
series
 4. Which of the following statements is TRUE about
capacitors?
A. In series connection, voltage is the same.
B. In series connection, all have the same amount of charge
C. In parallel, the equivalent resistance decreases
D. In series, the equivalent resistance increases
5. What is the SI unit for capacitance?
A. force B. resistance C. ohms D. farad
Problem Solving (10 points)
6-10. What is the capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with metal plates, each of area 1.50 m2, separated by 2.01
mm? What charge is stored in this capacitor if a voltage of
2.50 × 103 V is applied to it?

11-15. The capacitors have values C1 = 2.5 µF and C2 = 4.0

µF, C3 =6.0 µF C4 = 8.0 µF and the potential difference
across the battery is
12.0 V. Assume that the capacitors are connected in series.
Find the equivalent capacitance of the circuit and solve for
the potential difference across each capacitors.
 Performance Tasks
a. You are an engineer in a company that makes capacitors. You will make an
improvised capacitor that uses aluminum, paper, and any other readily
available materials. Make sure that your capacitor can be used when charged.
Include in your product some information such as how long it can supply
energy. Your product should function properly, be made of locally available
materials, and conform to concepts related to capacitors.

b. You are a creative designer of a nongovernmental organization. You have been

tasked to create a photo essay with this theme: “When charges went wrong:
Describing the effects of the irregularities of charges.” Include in the photo essay
your ideas on the theme and how you can present it creatively to create public
awareness about the effects of charges. Your photo essay should conform to the
theme, and it should be unique and artistically designed.
c. Devise or create an activity about capacitor. Include the following
to your report: objective, material, procedure, questions, and
conclusion.
THANK YOU FOR YOUR ACTIVE
PARTICIPATION!

GOD BLESS EVERYONE!