Mechanical systems
Arch 456
Thistle course discuss the mechanical and
electrical systems that are required to maintain
the necessary conditions of environmental
comfort, health, safety for the occupants of a
building
This intent is not to provide a complete design
manual but to outline those factors that should
be considered for the successful operation of
these systems and their integration with other
building systematic
Heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems condition
the interior space of a building for the environmental
comfort of the occupants.
A potable water supply is essential for human
consumption and sanitation
The efficient disposal of fluid waste and organic matter
is necessary in order to maintain sanitary conditions
within building and in the surrounding area
Electrical systems furnish light and heat for a
buildings occupants and power to run its machines.
These systems requires a significant amount of space
because much of the hardware for these systems is
normally hidden from view-within concealed
construction spaces or special rooms- the layout of
these systems is should be carefully integrated with
each other as well as with the structural and
enclosure systems of the building.
Definition
Thermal comfort:
At rest, the human body produces about 117w,moderate
activities like walking can raise this amount to 220w, while
strenuous activities can cause the body to generate up
351w.
Thermal comfort is achieved when the human body is
able to dissipate the heat and moisture it produces by
metabolic action in order to maintain a stable, normal
body temperature.
In other words, thermal equilibrium must exist between
body and its environment.
Sothe term thermal comfort describes a person’s
psychological state of mind and is usually
referred to in terms of whether someone feeling
too hot or too cold.
Thermal comfort is very difficult to define because
you need to take into account a range of
environmental and personal factors when
deciding what will make people feel comfortable.
These factors makeup what is known as the
(human thermal environment )
Thebest that you can realistically hope to
achieve is a thermal environment that satisfies
the majority of people in the workplace or put
more simply," reasonable comfort “.
Sothermal comfort is not measured by air
temperature, but by the number employees
complaining of thermal discomfort.
Why is thermal comfort
important?
Because thermal comfort is psychological, it may
affect our overall morale. Employee complaints
may increase, productivity may fall and in some
cases people may refuse to work in a particular
environment. Some aspects of the thermal
environment, such as air temperature, radiant
heat, humidity and air movement, may also
contribute to the symptoms of sick building
syndrome.
Adapting to the thermal
environment
People employ adaptive strategies to cope with
their thermal environment, eg donning or
removing clothing, choice of heating, moving
to cooler locations away from heat sources etc.
Adapting to the thermal
environment
The problems arise when the choice (to
remove jacket, or move away from heat
sources) is removed, and people are no longer
able to adapt. In many instances the
environment within which people work is a
product of the process of the job they are
doing, so they are unable to adapt to their
environment.
Factors affecting thermal
comfort:
The six factors affecting thermal comfort are both
environmental and personal. These factors may
be independent of each other, but together
contribute to a workers thermal comfort.
Factors:
Air Temperature (Dry-Bulb)
Relative Humidity
Air Velocity
Radiation (Mean Radiant
Temperature)
Metabolic Rate
Clothing Insulation
Age
Air temperature
The air temperature is the average temperature
of the air surrounding the occupant, with
respect to location and time. Air temperature is
measured with a dry-bulb thermometer and for
this reason it is also known as
dry-bulb temperature
Mean radiant
temperature
The radiant temperature is related to the amount of
radiant heat transferred from a surface, and it depends
on the material’s ability to absorb or emit heat, or its
emissivity. The mean radiant temperature depends on
the temperatures and emissivities of the surrounding
surfaces, or the amount of the surface that is “seen”
by the object. So the mean radiant temperature
experienced by a person in a room with the sunlight
streaming in varies based on how much of his/her
body is in the sun
Air speed
Air speed is defined as the rate of air movement
at a point, without regard to direction. According
to ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55, it is the average
speed of the air to which the body is exposed,
with respect to location and time.
Relative humidity
Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the amount of water
vapor in the air to the amount of water vapor that the air could
hold at the specific temperature and pressure. While the
human body has sensors within the skin that are fairly efficient
at feeling heat and cold, relative humidity is detected
indirectly.
Sweating is an effective heat loss mechanism that relies on
evaporation from the skin. However at high RH, the air has
close to the maximum water vapor that it can hold, so
evaporation, and therefore heat loss, is decreased. On the other
hand, very dry environments (RH < 20-30%) are also
uncomfortable because of their effect on the mucous
membranes. The recommended level of indoor humidity is in
the range of 30-60% in air conditioned buildings.
A way to measure the amount of relative humidity in
the air is to use a system of dry-bulb and wet-bulb
thermometers. While the former measures the
temperature with no regard to moisture , the latter
has a small wet cloth wrapped around the bulb at its
base, so the measurement takes into account water
evaporation in the air. The wet-bulb reading will thus
always be at least slightly lower than the dry bulb
one. The difference between these two temperatures
can be used to calculate the relative humidity: the
larger the temperature difference between the two
thermometers, the lower the level of relative
humidity
Personal factors:
Metabolism
While measuring metabolism rates, many factors
have to be taken into account. Each person has a
different metabolism rate, and these rates can
fluctuate when a person is performing certain
activities, or when he is under certain
environmental conditions. Even people who are
in the same room can feel significant temperature
differences due to their differing metabolic rates,
which makes it very hard to find an optimal
temperature for everyone in a given location
Clothing insulation
During cold weather, layers of insulating clothing
can help keep a person warm. At the same time, if
the person is doing a large amount of physical
activity, many layers of clothing can prevent heat
loss and consequently lead to overheating.
Generally, the thicker the garment is, the greater
insulating abilities it has. Depending on the type
of material the clothing is made out of, air
movement and relative humidity can decrease the
insulating ability of the material.
Comfort zone
Certain ranges of air temperature, relative
humidity, mean radiant temperature, and air
motion have been judged to be comfortable by a
majority of Americans and Canadians tested.
These comfort zones are described by the
following graphs of the interaction between the
four primary thermal comfort factors.
Air temperature and mean radiant temperature
Mean radiant temperature is important to
thermal comfort since the human body
receives radiant heat from or loss heat by
radiation to the surrounding surfaces if
their MRT is higher or lower than the air
temperature
The higher the MRT of the surrounding
surface, the cooler the air temperature
should be.
In cold weather, the MRT of the interior
walls should not be more than 5F(9C)
Air temperature and relative
humidity
Relative humidity (RH) is the ratio of the
amount of water vapor actually present in
the air to the maximum amount that the air
could hold at the same temperature,
expressed as percentage.
The higher the relative humidity of a space,
the lower the air temperature should be.
Air temperature and Air
motion
Air motion increases heat loss by convection
and evaporation .
The cooler the moving air stream, the less
velocity it should be.
Air velocity should range between 10 and
50(fpm) (3and 15 meter per minute)
Dew point is the
temperature at which Wet bulb
air becomes saturated temperature
with water vapor
Relative
humidity
Dry bulb
temperature
Psychometric charts
A psychrometer is an instrument for measuring
atmospheric humidity, consisting of two
thermometers, the bulb of one being dry and the
bulb of other being keep moist and ventilated.
Psychometric charts relate the wet bulb and dry
bulb readings from a psychrometer to relative
humidity, absolute humidity, and dew point.
Mechanical engineers use psychrometric charts to
determine the amount of heat that must be added
of removed by an HVAC system to achieve an
acceptable level of thermal comfort in a space
Dewpoint Temperature, Tdp
Temperature that “air saturation” occurs
(Condensation on window and wall surfaces will
occur)
Wet Bulb Temperature, Twb
The temperature measure of moisture content in
the air
Enthalpy is a measure of the total heat contained in a
substance, equal to the internal energy of the substance
plus the products of its volume and pressure
=enthalpy of the dry air + enthalpy of the water vapor
=sensible heat of dry air+ sensible heat of water vapor+
latent heat
(Enthalpy is energy per unit mass)
Air Composition (two components)
Moist air = Dry air + water vapor
Dry air composition (volume fraction):
Nitrogen 78.084%
Oxygen 20.948%
Argon 0.934%
Carbon dioxide 0.031%
Minor gases 0.003%
Adiabatic heating: is a rise in temperature
occurring without the addition or removal of
heat, as when excess water in the air
condenses and the latent heat of vaporization
of the water vapor is converted to sensible heat
in the air
Evaporative cooling is a drop in temperature
occurring without the addition or removal of heat,
as when moisture evaporates and the sensible
heat of the liquid is converted to latent heat in the
vapor
HVAC
Heating, ventilating, air conditioning systems
control the temperature, purity, humidity, motion
and distribution of air in the interior space of
building
Factors to consider in the selection, design
and installation of Heating, ventilating, air
conditioning systems:
1. Performance, efficiency, and both initial and
life costs of the system
2. Fuel, power, air, and water required and the
means for their delivery and storage
[Link] of the system to serve different zones of
a building
[Link] and layout of the distribution system used
for heating and cooling media
5. Space requirement for the mechanical equipment
and the distribution system. The heating,
ventilating, and air conditioning equipment of a
building can occupy 10-15% of the area of a
building
6. Access required for service and maintenance
The service core or cores of a building house the
vertical distribution of mechanical and electrical
services, elevator shaft, and exist stairways.
These cores must be coordinated with the
structural layout of columns, bearing walls, and
shear walls or lateral bracing as well as with the
desired patterns of space, use, and activity
Types of cores:
1. A single core is often used in high rise
office buildings to leave a maximum
amount of unobstructed rentable area
2. placing the core along an edge
3. Detached cores
4. Two cores may be symmetrically placed
5. Multiple cores used in high rise building
Heating and cooling
The sitting, orientation, and construction
assemblies of a building should minimize heat
loss to the outside in cold weather and minimize
heat gain in hot weather.
Calculating heat loss in cold weather and heat
gain in hot weather is necessary to size the
heating and cooling equipment required for a
building.
Heading load: is the hourly rate of net heat loss in
an enclosed space, expressed in Btu per hour and
used as the basis for selecting a heating unit or
system
(Btu: is the quantity of heat required to raise the
temperature of 1Ib of water 1F)
Cooling Load: is the hourly rate of heat gain in
an enclosed space, expressed in Btu per hour and
used as the basis for selecting an air conditioning
unit or cooling system
Heat loss:
The primary sources of heat loss in cold weather
are:
[Link], radiation, and conduction of heat
through exterior wall, window, and roof
assemblies to the outside.
2. Infiltration of air through cracks in exterior
construction, especially around windows and
doorways.
Heat gain :
Sources of heat gain in warm or hot weather
include:
[Link], radiation, and conduction through
exterior wall, window, and roof assemblies when
outdoor temperatures are high.
[Link] radiation on glazing.
[Link] occupants and their activities
[Link] and other heat producing equipment
[Link] of spaces that may be required to
remove odors and pollutants.
6. Latent heat, requiring energy to condense the
moisture in warm air so that he relative humidity
in a space will not be excessive
Heating systems:
1-Forced Air heating system
- is a system for heating by means of air heated in a
gas, oil, or electric furnace and distributed by a fan
through ductwork to registers or diffusers in
inhabited spaces.
-it is the most versatile and widely used system for
heating houses and small buildings
Component:
1-Bonnet is the chamber at the top of furnace
from which ducts of sheet metal or fiberglass
emerge to conduct heated or conditioned air to
the inhabited spaces of a building
2- leaders are the ducts that convey warm air
from a furnace to a stack or branch duct
3- Stacks convey warm air from a leader
vertically to register on upper floors
4-Gathering refers to a tapered section of a
duct forming a transition between two
sections, one of which has a greater area than
the other.
5-Boot is duct fitting forming a transition
between two sections that vary in cross
sectional shape.
2-Hot water heating(steam
radiant heating)
Isa system for heating a building by means of
water heated in a boiler and circulated by a
pump through pipes to radiators or convectors.
ليش بتخلوه
ليش بتخلوه
Boiler is a closed vessel or arrangement of
vessels and tubes in which water is heated or
steam is generated. The heat may be supplied
by warm the combustion of gas or oil, or by
electric resistance coils.
Radiators consist of a series or coil of pipes
through which hot water or steam passes. The
heated pipes warm a space by radiation.
Fintube convectors are baseboard convectors
having a horizontal tubes with closely spaced
vertical fins to maximize heat transfer to the
surrounding air.
Types:
One pipe system is hot water heating system in
which a single pipe supplies hot water from a
boiler to each radiator or convector in
sequence
Two pipe system is a hot water heating system
in which one pipe supplies hot water from a
boiler to the radiators and a second pipe
returns the water to the boiler
3-Electric heating
1-electric unit heaters utilize a fan to draw in
room air and pass it over resistance heating coils
before blowing it back into the room.
2-Toespace unit heaters are designed to be
installed in the low space under kitchen or
bathrooms cabinets
3-Wall unit heaters are available in surface
mounted or recessed for use in bathrooms,
kitchen, and other small rooms.
4-Fully recessed floor unit heaters are typically
used where a window or glazing is carried
down t the floor line
5-Industrial unit heaters are housed in metal
cabinets with directional outlets and designed
to be suspended from a ceiling or roof
structures
4-Radiant heating
Radiant heating systems utilize heating
ceilings, floors, and sometimes walls, as radiant
surfaces. The heat source may be pipes or
tubing carrying hot water or electric resistance
heating cables embedded within the ceiling,
floor, or wall construction.
The radiant heat is absorbed b surfaces and
objects in the room, reradiates from the warmed
surfaces, and rise the MRT in the space
Operable
vent
blinds
awnings
Components :
1-Solar collectors panels
2-Circulation and distribution system for the
heat transfer medium
3-Heat exchanger and storage facility