BASIC

ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERI
NG
UNIT 1
DC
CIRCUITS
BASIC ELECTRICAL
TERMS
1) Charge : Charges are of two types,
+ve charge called holes, ve charge
_
called e .
Unit is Coulomb (C)
2) Current : Rate of fl ow of charge wrt to
time.
Direction from higher potential to low
potential
Unit is Ampere (A)
I =
3. Voltage : Amt. of WD req. to move unit
+ve charge b/w two pt.
Unit is Volt (V)
V =
4. Power : Rate at which work is done upon
object.
Unit is Watt (W)
CLASSIFICATION
OF CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Active and Passive Elements
2. Linear and Non Linear
Elements
3. Unilateral and Bilateral
Elements
4. Lumped and Distributed
Elements
1. Active and Passive Elements
• Circuit elements which supply
energy are Active Elements.
Example – Battery
• Circuit elements which store energy
are Pasive Elements.
Example – Resister, Capacitor
2. Linear and Non Linear Elements
• The elements whose o/p is directly
prop a l . to i/p are Linear Elements.
Example - pure resister, inductor,
capacitor.
• The elements which are not linear are
called Non Linear Elements.
Example – Diode
3. Unilateral and Bilateral
Elements
• Elements whose cond n . of current is
only in one dir. are called Unilateral
Elements.
Example – Transistor, Diode
• Elements whose cond n . of current is
in both dir. are called Bilateral
Elements.
Example - Resister, Capcitor, Inductor
4. Lumped and Distributed
Elements
• The elements which are pure and
physically sepearable are Lumped
Elements.
Example - pure resister, inductor,
capacitor.
• The elements which are not pure and
not physically sepearable are called
Distributive Elements.
Example - Diode
VOLTAGE
SOURCES
1. Ideal Voltage Source
2. Independent Voltage Source
3. Dependent Voltage Source
• Voltage Controlled Voltage
Source
• Current Controlled Voltage
Source
1. Ideal Voltage Source
• Provides a constant voltage regardless
of the current fl owing through it.
• Has no internal resistance
2. Independent Voltage Source
• Provides constant voltage regardless of
any other element in circuit.
• Represented by circle with + and sign
inside.
3. Dependent Voltage Source
• O/p voltage depends on another
voltage or current in the circuit
• Represented by diamond shaped
symbol with + and sign inside.
• Types of Dependent Voltage Sources
o Voltage Controlled Voltage Source
(VCVS)
O/p voltage depends on i/p voltage.
o Current Controlled Voltage Source
(CCVS)
O/p voltage depends on i/p current.
CURRENT
SOURCES
1. Ideal Current Source
2. Independent Current Source
3. Dependent Current Source
• Voltage Controlled Current
Source
• Current Controlled Current
Source
1. Ideal Current Source
• Delivers a fi xed current, irrespective
of voltage across its terminal.
• Has infi nite internal resistance
2. Independent Current Source
• Provides a constant current
regardless of the any other element
in circuit.
• Represented by a circle with arrow
inside.
3. Dependent Voltage Source
• O/p voltage depends on another
voltage or current in the circuit
• Represented by diamond shaped
symbol with arrow inside.
• Types of Dependent Current Sources
o Voltage Controlled Current Source
(VCCS)
O/p current depends on i/p voltage.
o Current Controlled Current Source
(CCCS)
O/p current depends on i/p current.
OHM’S
LAW
Current fl owing through conductor is
directly propotional to potential applied
across its ends for const. temp.
Exact form : At const. temp. , current
density is directly prop a l . to Electric
Field intensity.
Modifi ed form
FARADAY’S
LAW
1. Whenever current carrying
conductor is placed in MF, EMF is
induced in it.
2. Magnitude of induced EMF is
directly prop a l . to rate of change
of fl ux linkage.
ELECTRICAL
CIRCUIT
ELEMENTS
1. Resistor : The property of
conductor to oppose the fl ow of
current.
Unit  ohm ()
2. Capacitor : The property of
conductor to store energy in form of
EF.
Unit  Farad (F)

3. Inductor : The property of

conductor to store electrical energy
in form of MF when current fl ows
through it.
Unit  Henry ()
COMBINATION
OF RESISTORS
1. Series
Combination
2. Parallel
Combination
 COMBINATION OF
RESISTORS
1. Series Combination
Current passes through every resistor is
same.

Req = R1 + R2 + R3 I

Veq = V1 + V2 + V3 P = I.V e q
 2. Parallel Combination
Voltage across every resistor is same.

+ + =

I = I1 + I2 + I3

V = I1 = I2 = I3 = I.R
 SERIES PA R R A L E L
C O M B I N AT I O N C O M B I N AT I O N
COMBINATION
OF INDUCTORS

1. Series Combination
Leq = L1 + L2 + L3

2. Parallel Combination
+ +
COMBINATION
OF
CONDUCTORS
1. Series Combination
+ +

2. Parallel Combination
Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3
VOLTAGE DIVIDER
RULE
CURRENT DIVIDER
RULE
SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION
1. Conversion of current source to voltage
source
2. Conversion of voltage source to current
source

Ammeter is always connected in series

Voltmeter is always connected in parallel.
CONVERSION OF VOLTAGE
SOURCE TO CURRENT
R SOURCE
S
A A

VS IS RS

B B

VS
I S=
RS
CONVERSION OF CURRENT
SOURCE TO VOLTAGE
SOURCE R S
A A

IS RS VS

B B

V S=I S. R S
KIRCHHOFF’S
CURRENT LAW
Statement 1 : The algebraic sum of
current entering a node must be
equal to algebraic sum of current
leaving the node.
Statement 2 : The algebraic sum of
all branch current is zero at all
instant of time.
• Current entering the node  +ve
• Current leaving the node  –ve
Entering current: I1, I5
Leaving current: I2,
I , I
Statement
3 4 1  I1 + I5 = I2 + I3 + I4
Statement 2  I1 – I2 – I3 – I4 + I5 =
0
KIRCHHOFF’S
VOLTAGE LAW
Algebric sum of all voltages or
voltage drops in a closed loop must
be zero.
 R
1 R1

I I

V
V S – IR 1 – IR 2 =
0
V S = IR 1 + IR 2
For KCL questions :
[Link]
DEqLK3h7_Y_3WmBw2QS-SL&si=pcHZu9fXMST8
mHhZ

For KVL questions :

[Link]
AluhKNZwdblke36lBDz8iD&si=2gj2vBttg66CYGM
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 STAR AND
DELTA
CONNECTION

STAR DELTA
CONNECTION CONNECTION
Star to
De l ta
De l ta to
Star
MESH ANALYSIS
SUPERMESH
ANALYSIS
NODAL ANALYSIS
SUPERNODE
For questions :
[Link]
ANALYSIS
K-2e5s5IUh1wLlTioszBrW58bx&si=lL7Bdh6
arjdfSKJ7
Important note :
1. To open circuit any circuit
element, remove the element
and leave both the terminals
as it is.
2. To short circuit any circuit
element, remove the element
and join both the terminals.
THEVININ’S
THEOREM
Any linear resitive network with
current and voltage sources can
be replaced by an equivalent
circuit containing of a single
independent voltage source V T h
and resistance R T h in series.
[Link] calculate , fi rst open cicuit the
load resistor . Calculate voltage of
open circuit, say .

[Link] calculate , fi rst open cicuit the

load resistor , and then open circuit
current sources and short circuit
voltage sources. After that calculate
equivalent resistance, say , of the
new circuit.
For questions :
[Link]://[Link]/playlist?list=PLgwJf8
NK-2e5B3w-SAaW_GemQyLse6dpL&si=SwN
LWJTRLTHAkE4E
[Link]://[Link]/playlist?list=PLDN15n
k5uLiAwnY06lzvudwi_KL0C6DRi&si=x4c89
NXonfcnoiE-
NORTON’S
THEOREM
Any linear resitive network with
current and voltage sources can
be replaced by an equivalent
circuit containing of a single
independent current source I N
and resistance R N in parallel.
1. To calculate I N , fi rst short cicuit the load
resistor in the given circuit. Calculate the
current fl owing in short circuit, say I.
IN I
2. To calculate , fi rst short cicuit the load
resistor , and then open circuit the current
sources and short circuit the voltage sources
in the given circuit. After that calculate the
equivalent resistance, say , of the new
circuit.
For questions :
[Link]://[Link]/playlist?list=PLgwJf8N
K-2e6Vhe3XfryiokiUQXC7QbtR&si=6pBBklE
3W-1UHaSb
[Link]://[Link]/playlist?list=PLDN15n
k5uLiBneL0CmKeI_LaVGR-fi C1j&si=penL0ix
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SUPERPOSITI
ON THEOREM
In any linear resistive network
containing two or more energy
sources, the total current fl owing in
any part of circuit is equal the
algebraic sum of all the current
produced by each part.
1. Find total number of independent sources
available in circuit.
2. Consider only one source at a time and
replace all other sources with their
internal resistance. (Open circuit the
current sources and short circuit the
voltage sources)
3. Calculate current fl owing through resistor
asked in question.
4. Repeat step2 and step3 with other
sources and get value of current fl owing
through resistor.
5. Add all the values of current algebraically
to get the fi nal answer.
For questions :
[Link]
?list=PLDN15nk5uLiDj4ztGId
KtgSpqs4ytR_aF&si=jqsOvm
q9glXmu4VZ
MAXIMUM
POWER
TRANSFER
A resistance load, being connected
to a dc network, receives max.
THEOREM
power when the load resistance is
equal to the internal resistance
(Thevenin’s Resistance ) of the
source network as seen from the
load terminals.
 For ,

Max. power transfer effi ciency,

For questions :
[Link]
f8NK-2e7GYcNxpmjxd6wejEmVmxgt&si=
e5YRuy2yBMmMjgTH

2 n d video  important
UNIT 2
AC
CIRCUITS