UNIT 3
OPERATING SYSTEM AND APPLICATION SOFTWARE
3.1. Operating Systems and Installation
An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer
hardware and software resources and provides services for
computer programs.
It acts as an intermediary between the user and the computer
hardware, enabling the execution of applications and
coordinating various system components.
Types of operating systems
There are different types of operating systems, including:
Windows: Developed by Microsoft and widely used in
personal computers.
macOS: Developed by Apple and used in Mac computers.
Linux: An open-source operating system available in various
distributions, known for its flexibility and customization
options.
UNIX: A multi-user and multitasking operating system used in
servers and enterprise environments.
Operating system installation
Operating system installation involves preparing the installation
media (such as a DVD or USB drive) and following a step-by-step
installation process.
1. Prepare for installation:
• Ensure that you have a compatible hardware setup for the operating
system you are installing.
• Back up any important data from the existing operating system if you
are performing a clean installation.
2. Prepare the operating system:
• Download the operating system installation files from the official
website or obtain a physical installation disc or USB drive.
3. Create installation media (if necessary):
• If you have downloaded the operating system files, create a bootable
USB drive or burn the files to a DVD or CD using appropriate
software.
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4. Configure the BIOS/UEFI settings:
• Restart your computer and access the BIOS or UEFI settings
by pressing the designated key (usually displayed during the
boot process).
• Configure the boot order to prioritize the installation media
(USB or DVD drive) to boot from.
5. Start the installation process:
• Insert the installation media into the computer and restart it.
• Follow the on-screen prompts to start the installation process.
6. Select language and region settings:
• Choose your preferred language and region settings for the
operating system.
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7. Accept the license terms:
• Read and accept the license agreement for the operating
system.
8. Choose the installation type:
• For a clean installation, select the option to install the
operating system on a new or formatted partition.
• For an upgrade installation, choose the option to upgrade the
existing operating system.
9. Select the installation location:
• Choose the disk or partition where you want to install the
operating system.
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10. Customize installation settings (if available):
• Some operating systems may provide additional
customization options, such as selecting specific features or
components to install.
11. Wait for the installation to complete:
• The installation process may take some time, during which
the operating system files will be copied and configured on
your computer.
12. Set up user accounts and preferences:
• Follow the prompts to create a user account and set up
additional preferences, such as computer name, password,
network settings, etc.
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13. Complete the installation:
• Once the installation is finished, the computer may restart.
• Remove the installation media (USB or DVD) when prompted.
14. Install device drivers and updates:
• After the operating system installation is complete, install
necessary device drivers for hardware components, such as
graphics cards, sound cards, etc.
• Apply any available operating system updates and security
patches.
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15. Restore data and settings (if applicable):
• If you performed a clean installation, restore your backed-up
data and settings to the newly installed operating system.
16. Restart the computer:
• Restart the computer to ensure that all changes and settings
are applied correctly.
3.2. Application Software Installation
Application software refers to programs designed for specific
tasks or purposes.
There are several types of application software.
Word Processing Software: This type of software allows users
to create, edit, and format text documents.
Examples include Microsoft Word, Google Docs, and Apple
Pages.
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Spreadsheet Software: It enables users to manage and
analyze numerical data in the form of tables.
It provides functions for calculations, data visualization, and
data manipulation.
Examples include Microsoft Excel, Google Sheets, and Apple
Numbers.
Presentation Software: Presentation software is used to
create visually appealing slideshows or presentations.
Users can add text, images, charts, and multimedia elements
to convey information effectively.
Examples include Microsoft PowerPoint, Google Slides, and
Apple Keynote.
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Database Software: Database software helps users store,
manage, and organize large amounts of structured data
efficiently.
It allows for data entry, querying, and generating reports.
Examples include Microsoft Access, MySQL, and Oracle
Database.
Graphics and Design Software: Graphics and design software
are used to create and edit visual content, such as images,
illustrations, and layouts.
They provide tools for image editing, vector graphics, and
page layout.
Examples include Adobe Photoshop, Adobe Illustrator, and
CorelDRAW.
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Web Browsers: Web browsers enable users to access and
navigate websites on the internet.
They provide a graphical interface for browsing web pages,
displaying text, images, videos, and interactive content.
Examples include Google Chrome, Mozilla Firefox, and
Microsoft Edge.
Communication Software: Communication software facilitates
communication between individuals or groups.
It includes email clients, instant messaging applications, video
conferencing tools, and collaboration platforms.
Examples include Microsoft Outlook, Gmail, Skype, and Slack.
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Multimedia Software: Multimedia software allows users to
create, edit, and play various types of media content, such as
audio, video, and images.
It includes media players, video editors, audio editing
software, and graphic editing tools.
Examples include Adobe Premiere Pro, Windows Media Player,
and Audacity.
Utility Software: Utility software provides essential tools for
system maintenance, optimization, and security.
It includes antivirus software, disk cleaners, file compression
tools, and backup software.
Examples include Norton Antivirus, CCleaner, and WinRAR.
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Educational Software: Educational software is designed to
support teaching and learning processes.
It includes interactive learning programs, language learning
software, educational games, and simulation tools.
Examples include Rosetta stone, Moodle, and Scratch.
Types of Software licensing:
Software licensing determines the terms and conditions under
which software can be used.
Common licensing types include
proprietary licenses (commercial software),
open-source licenses (freely available source code), and
freeware licenses (free to use without restrictions).
Install, configure, and launch office
applications:
The installation process for office applications typically
involves running the installation file, following on-screen
prompts, and entering license information if required.
After installation, configuring the application involves setting
preferences, customizing settings, and connecting to external
services if necessary.
Update and Remove Software
Regular software updates are essential to ensure security,
stability, and access to new features.
Updates can be obtained through official software update
mechanisms or by downloading and installing updates from
the software vendor's website.
Software removal can be done through the operating system's
built-in uninstallation process or using dedicated uninstaller
programs.
Installing Device Drivers
Installing device drivers is the process of installing software
that enables communication between the operating system
and hardware devices.
It involves downloading or using the installation CD provided
with the device, running the installer, and following on-screen
instructions.
This ensures that the computer can effectively utilize the
connected hardware device and ensure proper functionality.
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