BASIC

ELECTRONIC
S
COMPONENT
Batter
ythat stores chemical energy and
Battery is electrochemical device

converts it into electrical energy

when required.
It consists of one or more
electrochemical cells, each having
two electrodes (anode and cathode)
and an electrolyte that allows ion
movement.
Basic Structure of
Battery
Each battery cell has :
• Anode (-ve Electrode)
Cathode (+ve Electrode)
• Electrolyte
• Separator
• Battery casing
Adapt
er
Adapter is an electronic device
that allows one type of power
source, plug, or connector to be
converted into another so that an
electronic or electrical device can
operate correctly.
In simple terms:
Adapter = Bridge b/w source and
device.
 Passive
Componen
ts
1. Resistor
2. Capacito
r
3. Inductor
Resist
or
Resistor is a two -terminal
electrical component that opposes
or limits fl ow of electric current in
circuit.
Its main function is to provide
specifi c amount of resistance.
SI Unit : Ohm
Capacit
or
Capacitor is a two -terminal
electrical component that stores
electrical energy
in form of EF b/w two conductive
plates separated by an insulating
material called dielectric .
SI Unit : Farad
Inducto
rInductor is a two -terminal electrical
component that stores energy in form
of MF when electric current fl ows
through it. It resists changes in
current.
SI Unit : Henry
 Resistor

Capacitor Inductor
Reactanc
e1. Reactance is opposition off ered
by a capacitor or an inductor to
fl ow of Alternating Current (AC).
2. It does not waste energy as
heat — it only stores and
releases energy.
3. Happens only in AC circuits, not in
pure DC circuits.
4. Reactance changes with frequency of
AC.
5. In DC Circuit, freq. is zero, so DC
Circuits has no Reactance
6. Caused by:
• Capacitors – store energy in EF
• Inductors – store energy in MF
Types of Reactance :
• Inductive Reactance :
o O p p o s i t i o n d u e t o I n d u c t o r.

• Capacitive Reactance :
o O p p o s i t i o n d u e t o C a p a c i t o r.

W h e re : f = f re q u e n c y
C = Capacitance
L = Inductance
• If ​
Net reactance is +ve Circuit is
inductive.
• If ​
Net reactance is ve Circuit is
inductive.
• If
Net reactance X 0 Circuit is resonant
Impedanc
e1. Impedance is total opposition
that circuit off ers to fl ow of AC.
It is combined eff ect of
Resistance and Reactance.
2. In simple words:
Impedance =
Resistance + Reactance
3. Symbol : Z Unit : Ohm
Formula :
For series RLC circuit

Phasor Form :
CONTEN
T1. Oscillator 7. Transistor
2. Amplifi er 8. Multivibrator
3. Rectifi er 9. Op-Amp
4. Filter 10. Transformer
5. Diode 11. Logic Gates
6. Solar Cell 12. Clipper
Clamper
Oscillat
or
Oscillator is electronic circuit
that generates continuous,
repetitive AC signal (usually sine
wave, square wave, or other
waveform) w/o requiring any i/p
signal.
It converts DC power from supply
into an AC o/p signal at specifi c
frequency.
Basic Working Principle
• An oscillator works on principle of
+ve f/b and amplifi cation.
• It uses active device (like
transistor) for gain.
• Part of o/p is fed back to i/p in-
phase (+ve f/b).
• If f/b is suffi cient to overcome
circuit losses, the o/p will sustain
oscillations.
 Classifi cation of
Oscillators, based on
diff erent aspects
1. Sinusoidal Oscillators
• RC  Phase S hift, Wien
B rid g e
• LC  Hartley, C lap p ,
C olp itt
• C rystal  Quartz, Pierce, M iller
2. Non Sinusoidal
Oscillators
• Relaxation  S chm itt
• M ultiv ib rator 
Astab le,

M onostab le,

B istab le
3. Feedback Oscillators
Amplifi
er
Amplifi er is a device that takes
weak input signal and produces
stronger output signal that is
proportional to input.
Amplifi er is device that
increases the voltage, current,
or power of signal.
The ratio of output signal
magnitude to input signal
magnitude is called Gain.
General Formula for Gain
Basic Working Principle
An amplifi er takes power from DC
power supply and uses it to boost
input signal.
• I/p signal : small AC or DC signal
• O/p signal: same waveform,
larger amplitude.
 Classifi cation of
Amplifi ers, based on
diff erent aspects
1. Based on what they
Amplify
• Voltag e Am p lifi er
• C urrent Am p lifi er
• Power Am p lifi er
2. Based on Mode /
Class of Operation
• C lass A
• C lass B
• C lass AB
• C lass C
3. Based on Signal
Strength
• S m all S ig nal Am p lifi er
• Larg e S ig nal Am p lifi er

4. Based on Coupling
Method
• RC C oup led Am p lifi er
• LC C oup led Am p lifi er
5. Based on Number of
Stages
• S ing le S tag e Am p lifi er
• M ulti S tag e Am p lifi er

6. Based on Feedback
• Op en Loop Am p lifi er
• C losed ( f/b ) Loop
Am p lifi er
7. Based on Circuit
Confi guration (Transistor)
• C omm on Em m iter Am p lifi er
• C omm on B ase Am p lifi er
• C omm on C ollector Am p lifi er
• C omm on S ource Am p lifi er
• C omm on G ate Amp lifi er
• C omm on D rain Am p lifi er
8. Special Designs
• Op erational Am p lifi er
• C ascad e Am p lifi er
• C ascod e Am p lifi er
• Push Pull Am p lifi er
• D iff erential Am p lifi er
• I nstrum entation
Am p lifi er
• D arling ton Am p lifi er
Important Parameters
• B and wid th
Ra n g e o f f re q c s . a m p l i fi e d w / o
distortion.
• I /p I m p ed ance
H o w m u c h l o a d a m p l i fi e r p u t s o n
s o u rc e .
• O/p I m p ed ance
D e t e rm i n e s h o w e ff e c t i v e l y i t d r i v e s
the load.
• Linearity
A b i l i t y t o ke e p o / p
w a v e f o rm i d e n t i c a l t o i / p
shape.
• Noise
Unwanted electrical
disturbances added to
o/p.
• Effi ciency
Ra t i o o f AC o u t p u t p o w e r
t o D C p o w e r c o n s u m ed.
Rectifi e
rcurrent (AC, which fl ows in both
Rectifi er converts alternating

directions) into direct current

(DC, which fl ows in only one
direction).
In simple words, a rectifi er allows
current to fl ow in only one
direction and blocks it in the
opposite direction.
Basic Working Principle
A rectifi er uses diodes as main element.
A diode conducts current in one
direction only (FB) and blocks it in
opposite direction (RB).
• AC I np ut → Alternates b /w +v e and -ve
cy cles.
• D iod e( s) → Allow only +ve of wave to
p ass.
• Outp ut → Pulsating D C.
 Classifi cation of
Rectifi ers, based on
diffonerent
1. Based Numberaspects
of Phases
a. Single Phase Rectifi er
• Half Wav e
• Full Wav e  C entre Tap p ed ,
B rid g e
• Voltag e D oub ler
b. Three Phase Rectifi er
• Half Wav e
• Full Wav e  6 p ulse, 12 p ulse
2. Based on Control Mechanism
a. Uncontrolled
• D iod e
b. Controlled
• Half Wav e C ontrolled ( S C R-
b ased )
• Full Wav e C ontrolled
o S e m i C o n t ro l l e d ( D i o d e s +
SCRs)
o Fu l l y C o n t ro l l e d ( O n l y S C R s )
Filte
r
Filter is a circuit that allows
only certain frequencies to
pass through while blocking or
reducing others.
In simple words, fi lter
separates signals based on
frequency.
Think of it like a tea strainer. Just
like a strainer allows only liquid
tea to pass and holds back the
leaves, a fi lter allows signals of
desired frequencies to pass and
blocks unwanted signals (noises
or other frequencies).
Basic Working Principle
• A fi lter works on basis of
frequency-dependent reactance
of capacitors (C) and inductors
(L).
• Capacitors pass AC/high
frequency and block DC/low
frequency.
• Inductors pass DC/low
frequency and block AC/high
• By combining them, we can
design circuits that allow or
block specifi c frequency ranges.
• Filters may be active (using OP-
AMPs, transistors) or passive
(only R, L, C).
 Classifi cation of
Filters, based on
diff erent aspects
1. Based on Nature of
Components
• Passiv e Filter
M ad e using only p assiv e
com p onent ( R , L, C )
• Active Filter
M ad e using active com p onent
along with R , C
2. Based on Impulse Response
(IR)
• I nfi nite I R Filters  Use
f/b
• Finite I R Filters  No f/b
3. Based on Realization /
Design
• Analog Filters
• D ig ital Filters
• Hyb rid Filters
4. Based on Frequency
Response
• Low Pass Filter
o Pa s s e s l o w f re q u e n c i e s
B l o c k s h i g h f re q u e n c i e s
• Hig h Pass Filter
o Pa s s e s h i g h f re q u e n c i e s
B l o c k s h i g h f re q u e n c i e s
• B and Pass Filter
o Pa s s e s a c e r t a i n b a n d o f
f re q u e n c i e s
B l o c k s f re q u e n c i e s o u t s i d e t h e
band
• B and S top Filter
o Pa s s e s f re q u e n c i e s o u t s i d e t h e
band
Blocks a certain band of
f re q u e n c i e s
• All Pass Filter
o Pa s s e s a l l f re q u e n c i e s e q u a l l y
Characteristics of Filters
• C utoff Freq .: Freq uency where fi lter starts
attenuating .
• Passb and : Freq uency rang e that fi lter
p asses.
• S top b and : Freq uency rang e that fi lter
rejects.
• Roll- off Rate: S har p ness of transition b /w
p assb and and stop b and .
• Phase Resp onse: How p hase of sig nal is
Diod
eD i ode is a two -term inal s/c
d ev ice that allows current to fl ow
in only one d irection ( FB ) , while
b locking it in op p osite d irection
( R B ).
I t acts like one-way switch for
electric current.
I t is m ad e from s/ c m aterials,
typ ically S ilicon ( S i) or
G erm anium ( G e) .
 Classifi cation of
Diode, based on
diff erent
1. Based aspects
on Function /
Operation
• Rectifi er D iod e
• Zener D iod e
• Lig ht Em itting D iod e ( LED )
• PhotoD iod e
• Laser D iod e
• S chottky D iod e
• Tunnel D iod e
• Varactor D iod e
• Av alanche D iod e
• PI N D iod e
• G unn D iod e
• S tep Recovery D iod e (S R D )
• Photvoltaic D iod e ( S olar
C ell)
• C urrent Lim iting D iod e
( C LD )
Uses of Diode
1. Rectifi cation
2. Voltage Regulation
3. Clipping and Clamping
Circuit
4. Switching
5. Over Voltage Protection
Solar
Cell
Solar Cell is a s/c device that
directly converts sunlight (solar
energy) into electrical energy (DC
power) using photovoltaic eff ect.
Multiple cells are connected
together to form a solar module
(panel).
Transist
or
Tra nsi st or is s/c d evice use to
am p lify or switch electronic sig nals
and electrical p ower.
• I t controls the fl ow of current in
circuit.
• I t has at least three term inals for
connection to an ex ternal circuit.
Construction and
Terminals
A transistor is formed by
joining two PN junctions in
specifi c order
• B i po l a r Jun ct i o n Tra nsi st or
(B JT ) –
m ad e of three reg ions
o Emitter (E) → heavily doped,
i n j e c t s c h a rg e c a rr i e r s .
o Base (B) → very thin and
l i g h t l y d o p e d , c o n t ro l s
c a rr i e r s .
o Collector (C) → moderately
d o p e d , c o l l e c t s c a rr i e r s .
• Fi e l d Eff e ct Tra n si st or (FET ) –
form ed b y controlling current
thro ug h EF.
o S o u rc e ( S ) → w h e re c a rr i e r s e n t e r.
o G a t e ( G ) → c o n t ro l s t h e c h a n n e l b y
voltage.
o D r a i n ( D ) → w h e re c a rr i e r s l e a v e .
Working Principle
• BJT works on current control
A sm all current at B ase
controls larg e current b /w
C ollector and Em itter.
• FET works on voltage control
A sm all voltag e at G ate
controls larg e current b /w D rain
and S ource.

B J T = Current controlled d ev ice

 Classifi cation of
Transistor, based on
diff erent aspects
1. B i p o l a r J u n c t i o n
Tr a n s i s t o r ( B J T )
a. NPN Transistor
b. PNP Transistor
2. Field Eff ect Transistor (FET)
a. Junction FET (JFET)
• N-Channel
• P-C hannel

b. MOSFET
• Enhancem ent M od e  N-
C hannel
P-
C hannel
• D ep letion M o d e  N-Channel
P-
Modes of Operation
1. For BJT
• Ac t i v e Re g i o n → w o r k s a s a m p l i fi e r.
• C u t - o ff Re g i o n → a c t s a s o p e n s w i t c h .
• S a t u r a t i o n Re g i o n → a c t s a s c l o s e d
switch.
• I n v e r s e Ac t i v e ( r a re l y u s e d ) .
2. For FET
• C u t - o ff → O F F.
• Tr i o d e / L i n e a r → a c t s a s re s i s t o r.
• S a t u r a t i o n → u s e d f o r a m p l i fi c a t i o n .
Multivibra
tor
Multivibrator is an electronic
circuit that generates non-
sinusoidal waveforms like square,
rectangular, or pulse signals.
It is type of oscillator that can
switch b/w states (ON and OFF).
It is mainly made using
transistors, resistors, and
capacitors, and is commonly
used for switching, timing, and
waveform generation in digital
electronics.
Types of
Multivibrator :
• Astable Multivibrator
o I t has b oth stab le
states
• Monostable
Multivibrator
o I t has one stab le and
one unstab le state
• Bistable Multivibrator
Operational
Amplifi er
Op-Amp is high-gain electronic
voltage amplifi er with two i/p
terminals and one o/p terminal.
I np uts : I nv erting , Non-I nv erting
Outp ut : S ing le term inal that g iv es
am p lifi ed sig nal.
It amplifi es diff erence b/w two i/p
voltages.
Transform
er
Transformer is static electrical
device (no rotating parts) that
transfers AC electrical power from
one circuit to another through EMI,
w/o changing freq. but with possible
change in voltage and current levels.
Used in : Power transmission,
distribution, electronic devices,
isolation, impedance matching, etc.
Working Principle
• Works on Farad ay ’s Law of EM I :
“ Whenev er a m ag netic fl ux linking a coil
chang es, an EM F is ind uced in the coil. ”
• I n a transform er:
,
W h e re
E1, E2 : induced EMFs in prim. & sec.
windings
N 1 , N 2 : n o. o f t u rn s i n p r i m . & s e c .
windings
: m a g n e t i c fl u x
• Turns Ratio:

I f K 1 → S tep -up
transform er
I f K 1 → S tep -d ow
transform er
Construction
A transformer consists of three main
parts :
• C ore
• Wind ing s  Prim ary Wind ing ,
S econd ary Wind ing
• I nsulation and C ooling S y stem
 Classifi cation of
Transformer, based on
[Link] erent
Based aspects
on Voltage
Change
• S tep -up Tr ansfom er
• S tep -d own Transfom er

2. Based on Number of
Phases
• S ing le Phase Transfom er
3. Based on
Construction
• C ore Ty p e Transfom er
• S hell Ty p e
Transfom er
• B erry Typ e
Transfom er
Transformer Effi ciency
Logic
Gates
Logic Gate is building block of
digital circuits that performs
logical operation on one or more
binary inputs (0 or 1) and produces
a single binary output (0 or 1).
HI G H inp ut or outp ut  1
LOW inp ut or outp ut  0
Types of Logic Gates
1. Basic Gates
• AND Gate 
Outp ut is HI G H only if all inp ut are
HI G H.
• OR Gate 
Outp ut is HI G H if any inp ut is HI G H.
• NOT Gate 
Outp ut is inverse of inp ut
2. Universal Gates
• NAND Gate 
Outp ut is LOW only if all inp ut are
HI G H
C omb ination of NOT and AND

• NOR Gate 
Outp ut is HI G H only when all inp ut
are LOW
C omb ination of NOT and OR
3. Exclusive Gates
• XOR Gate 
Outp ut is HI G H if inp ut are
d iff erent

• NOR Gate 
Outp ut is HI G H if inp ut are sam e
Clipper
Clamper
1. Clippers : Circuits that “cut off ”
part of i/p waveform above or
below certain reference level.
2. Clampers : Circuits that “shift”
entire signal up or down w/o
changing its shape.
Clipper Circuit
• Clipper is a circuit that removes
(clips) the part of i/p waveform
which is above or below reference
level.
• It does not distort remaining part
of the waveform.
• Example: A sine wave clipped at
+5V → becomes fl at-topped after
+5V.
Types of Clippers
• Based on reference level
o +ve Clipper  Re m o v e s + v e h a l f o f
w a v e f o rm
o -v e C l i p p e r  Re m o v e s -v e h a l f o f
w a v e f o rm
• Based on connection
o Series Clipper
o Shunt Clipper
• Baised Clipper  +ve Biased Clipper,
-v e B i a s e d C l i p p e r
Clamper Circuit
• Clamper is a circuit that adds or
subtracts a DC level to i/p signal, w/o
changing shape of waveform.
• It shifts the waveform up or down.
• Example: Sine wave (–10V to +10V)
shifted upward → becomes (0V to
+20V).
Types of Clampers
• Based on direction of shift
o +ve Clamper  S h i ft e n t i re
w a v e f o rm u p w a rd
o -v e C l a m p e r  S h i ft e n t i re
w a v e f o rm
d o w n w a rd
• Baised Clipper