Week 2: Law of Resistances, Ohm’s Law and Basic Circuit Analysis
Instructor: Engr. Harvay Ianne Arizala, REE
Circuit Elements
Ohm’s Law
Current in a resistor varies in direct proportion to the
voltage applied to it and is inversely proportional to the
resistor’s value
The mathematical relationship between current, voltage,
and resistance
If you know 2 of the 3 quantities, you can solve for the third.
Quantities Abbreviation Units Symbols
s
Voltage V Volts V
Current I Amperes A
Resistance R Ohms Ω
V=IR I=V/R R=V/I
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for V
V
V=IR
I xR
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for I
V
I=V/R
I R
Ohm’s Law Chart
Cover the quantity that is unknown.
Solve for R
V
R=V/I
I R
Example: Ohm’s Law
The flashlight shown uses a 6 volt battery
and has a bulb with a resistance of 150 .
When the flashlight is on, how much
current will be drawn from the battery?
Schematic Diagram
IR
V
+
VT = VR I R
-
VR 6V
IR 0.04 A 40 mA
R 150
Circuit Configuration
Components in a circuit can be connected in one
of two ways.
Series Circuits Parallel Circuits
• Components are • Both ends of the components
connected end-to-end. are connected together.
• There are multiple paths for
• There is only a single
current to flow.
path for current to flow.
Components
(i.e., resistors, batteries, capacitors, etc.)
Series Circuits
A circuit that contains only one path for current flow
If the path is open anywhere in the circuit, current
stops flowing to all components.
Series Circuits
Characteristics of a series circuit
• The current flowing through every series component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the sum of all of the resistances
(i.e., R1 + R2 + R3).
• The sum of all of the voltage drops (VR1 + VR2 + VR3) is equal to the
total applied voltage (VT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -
+ +
VT VR2
- -
- +
RT
VR3
Example: Series Circuit
For the series circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, &
IR3)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.
VR1
IT + -
+ IR1 +
VT IR2 VR2
- IR3 -
- +
RT
VR3
Parallel
Circuits
A circuit that contains more than one path for current
flow
If a component is removed, then it is possible
for the current to take another path to reach
other components.
Parallel
Circuits
Characteristics of a Parallel Circuit
• The voltage across every parallel component is equal.
• The total resistance (RT) is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the
reciprocal:
1 1 1 1 1
RT
R T R1 R 2 R 3 1 1 1
• The sum of all of the currents in each branch
R1 (IRR12 + R
IR23 + IR3) is equal to
the total current (IT). This is called Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT
+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
RT
Example Parallel Circuits
For the parallel circuit shown, use the laws of circuit theory to
calculate the following:
• The total resistance (RT)
• The voltage across each component (VT, VR1, VR2, & VR3)
• The current flowing through each component (IT, IR1, IR2, & IR3)
• Use the results to verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law.
IT
IR1 IR2 IR3
+ + + +
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
- - - -
22
RT
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Total Resistance:
RT R1 R2 R3
RT 220 470 1.2 k
RT 1900 1.9 k
Current Through Each Component:
VT V
IT (Ohm's Law)
RT
I R
12 v
IT 6.3 mAmp
1.89 k
Since this is a series circuit:
IT IR1 IR2 IR3 6.3 mAmp
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Voltage Across Each Component:
VR1 IR1 R1 (Ohm's Law)
VR1 6.349 mA 220 Ω 1.397 volts
VR2 IR2 R2 (Ohm's Law) V
VR2 6.349 mA 470 Ω 2.984 volts I R
VR3 IR3 R3 (Ohm's Law)
VR3 6.349 mA 1.2 K Ω 7.619 volts
Example: Series Circuit
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law:
VT VR1 VR2 VR3
12 v 1.397 v 2.984 v 7.619 v
12 v 12 v
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Total Resistance:
1
RT
1 1 1
R1 R2 R3
1
RT
1 1 1
470 2.2 k 3.3 k
RT 346.59 = 350
Voltage Across Each Component:
Since this is a parallel circuit :
VT VR1 VR2 VR3 15 volts
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Current Through Each Component:
VR1
IR1 (Ohm's Law)
R1
VR1 15 v
IR1 31.915 mA=32 mA
R1 470
VR2 15 v
IR2 6.818 mA = 6.8 mA
R2 2.2 k
V 15 v V
IR3 R3 4.545 mA= 4.5mA
R3 3.3 k
I R
VT 15 v
IT 43.278 mA = 43 mA
RT 346.59
Example Parallel Circuits
Solution:
Verify Kirchhoff’s Current Law:
IT IR1 IR2 IR3
43.278 mA=31.915 mA+6.818 mA+4.545 mA
43.278 mA (43 mA) 43.278 mA (43mA)
Combination Circuits
Contain both series and parallel arrangements
What would happen if you removed light 1? light 2? light
3?
2 3
Measuring
Voltage
Set multimeter to the proper V range.
Measure across a component.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring
Current
Set multimeter to the proper ADC range.
Circuit flow must go through the meter.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Measuring
Resistance
Set multimeter to the proper Ohms range.
Measure across the component being tested.
Power must be off or removed from the circuit.
Switch
Battery
Resistor
Light
Electrical Power
Electrical power is directly related to
the amount of current and voltage
within a system.
P I V
Power is measured in watts
Image Resources
Microsoft, Inc. (2008). Clip Art. Retrieved November 20, 2008, from
[Link]