UNIT 4
NAVIGATION
NAVIGATION METHODS
Navigation is concerned with
course selection,
avoiding collision,
determining position,
minimizing fuel consumption
manoeuvring etc
collision
The navigation methods
are:
Dead reckoning
Celestial navigation
Piloting
Radio navigation
Radar
RDF(Radio Direction Finder)
Hyperbolic -Loran A/C , Decca, Omega,
Console
Satellite navigation system
DEAD RECKONING
• In dead reckoning, the navigator
determines a ship's position by
reckoning of the distance and
direction from departure based on the
ship's logged course and speed from
a known past position.
CELESTIAL NAVIGATION
•In celestial navigation, the
navigator finds a ship's
position by observing the
celestial bodies. This requires
precise timekeeping with
chronometer and the use of
the sextant.
PILOTING
•Piloting involves
navigating in restricted
waters with frequent
determination of position
relative to geographic and
hydrographic features.
RADIO NAVIGATION
• In radio navigation, radio waves
are used to determine the
position.
• RADAR detects the position,
movement, and the nature of a
remote object by means of radio
waves.
• Radio direction finders enable
measurement of the bearings of
radio beacons, and some radio
stations. This is the simplest use
of radio waves in navigation.
• LORAN (Long Range Navigation)
is a radio navigation which sends
electronic pulses from stations at
known locations on the shore.
• The travel time of the signal from
the stations to the ship is used
by a Loran C receiver to
calculate latitude and longitude.
• Decca, Omega, Console are also
hyperbolic systems.
SATELLITE NAVIGATION
• Satellite navigation is based on
electromagnetic waves from
satellites for determining
position.
• The first satellite navigation
system was Transit.
•The Global Positioning
System (GPS) is a worldwide
navigation system.
•GPS uses these "man-made
stars" as reference points to
calculate positions.
ANSWER THE QUESTIONS
1-What are the
methods of
navigation?
2-What are the types of
radio navigation?
3-What are the satellite
systems?
4-What does GPS stand for?
5-What do ‘man made stars’
refer to?
ETYMOLOGY
Celestial < Latin, caelestis,
heaven
Latitude < Latin, latus, wide
Longitude <Latin, < longus, long
Navigate < Latin, navis ,ship <
Greek, naus, ship + agree, to
drive
SOME WORDS
Collision (n)- An accident
resulting from impact of moving
object.
Consumption (n)- Utilization of
any material to satisfy needs.
Course (n)- Direction of a ship
Reckon (v)-Calculate approximately
Determine (v)- To fix definitely, to
set the boundaries
Deduce (v)- To form an opinion using
the facts that already known
Rewrite the sentences
using who, which, whose or
that.
1-Nautical is derived from Greek
word naus. / It means ‘ship’
2-A navigator starts with dead
reckoning. / Dead reckoning is an
early method of navigation.
3-Loran C is a radio navigation
system. / Radio navigation
system uses radio waves to
determine position.
4-Time is kept with a
chronometer. /The chronometer
is a very useful tool for a
navigator.
Match the two columns.
Column A Column B
…1-Avoiding a-range
…2-Calculating b-time
…3-Consuming c-collision
…4-Determining d-longitude
...5-Keeping e-fuel
...6-Observing f-course
…7-Selecting g-ship’s position
…8-Measuring h-stars
Complete the passage with words
from the list below.
hydrographical / bearings / pilots / currents /
piloting / navigator /area /
…………involves navigating in restricted water
and some special areas with frequent or constant
determination of position relative to nearby
geographic and ……………. features. The ………
between the port and the open sea often
contains hazards and ………...
……….. who are licensed by the local port
authority are hired for their local knowledge to
guide ships through this area. The …………… may
take bearings of other buildings or natural
features along the coast line. …………. are used
to fix a ship’s position.
1- Which is not concerned
with navigation?
a. selecting course
b. avoiding collision
c. determining position
d. manoeuvring
e. stowing
1- Which is not concerned
with navigation?
e. stowing
2- Which is not a method of
navigation?
a. GMDSS
b. Radio Navigation
c. Celestial Navigation
d. Dead reckoning
e. GPS
2- Which is not a method of
navigation?
a. GMDSS
3-‘hyperbola, Decca, range’
The terms are related
a. radio navigation
b. satellite communication
c. GPS
d. dead reckoning
e. celestial navigation
3-‘hyperbola, Decca, range’
The terms are related
a. radio navigation
4- Which is not a hyperbolic
system?
a. Console
b. Omega
c. GPS
d. Decca
e. Loran
4- Which is not a hyperbolic
system?
c. GPS
5-Celestial navigation is
based on....
a. radio waves
b. electromagnetic waves
c. astronomical bodies
d. hyperbolas
e. electronic pulses
5-Celestial navigation is
based on....
c. astronomical bodies