Workshops for implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity
through the National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans
Module 4
Setting National Biodiversity Targets in the
framework of the Aichi Targets.
CBD Secretariat
April 2011.
COP-10 Decision X/2
COP10 has urged Parties to :
• Develop national and regional targets,
using the Strategic Plan and its Aichi Targets, as a
flexible framework, in accordance with national
priorities and capacities …. with a view to
contributing to collective global efforts to reach the
global targets, and report to COP 11 (2012).
• Integrate the targets into revised and updated
NBSAPs, adopted as a policy instrument
• In time for the COP 11 (2012).
Why Targets?
The purpose of targets
- to move: from words to action
- from action to measurable results.
Targets help us do this by:
• Inspiring programs for change,
• Providing a focus for concerted action,
• Measuring and reporting on progress in conservation
and sustainable use at national and global levels
• Establishing accountability in the conservation and
sustainable use of biodiversity, and
• Communicating status and trends of biodiversity to
policy makers and the public.
Examples of National Targets
• By 2015, modernize agriculture to an ecologically acceptable level
(Benin)
• Number of community-based fisheries increased from 264 in 2000
to 589 in 2015 (Cambodia)
• By 2012, Costa Rica has 1% EEZ (17% territorial waters) in
management categories, increasing to 2% by 2015
• Quebec committed to protecting 12% of its territory by 2015
(Canada)
• 10 million Europeans actively engaged in biodiversity conservation
by 2010 and 15 million by 2015 (EC)
• By 2012, 50% of endangered species will be conserved (Japan)
• The number of community-based fisheries will be increased from
264 in 2000 to 589 in 2015 (Cambodia, National Development
Strategy)
National Targets: see Module 4; UNEP/CBD/SP/PREP/3
Application of CBD framework in Brazil
Brazilian 2010 CBD 2020 Aichi
CBD 2010 Target
Target Target
At least 17% of
At least 30% of the
terrestrial and inland
Amazon Biome and
At least 10% of each water areas, and 10
10% in the other
of the world’s %f coastal and marine
biomes and in the
ecological regions areas, especially areas
marine and coastal
effectively conserved of .. importance for
zone effectively
(sub-target 1.1) biodiversity &
conserved through
ecosystem services,
Conservation Units …
are conserved
The rate of loss of all
Reduce the rate of natural habitats,
deforestation by 100% including forests, is at
Rate of loss and
in the Atlantic Forest least halved and
degradation of natural
Biome, 75% in the where feasible
habitats decreased.
Amazon Biome and brought close to zero,
(Target 5.1)
50% in the other and degradation and
biomes fragmentation is
significantly reduced
Australia’s targets for 2015
1. Achieve a 25% increase in the number of Australians and public and
private organizations that participate in biodiversity conservation
activities.
2. Achieve a 25% increase in employment and participation of Indigenous
peoples in biodiversity conservation.
3. Achieve a doubling of the value of complementary markets for
ecosystem services.
4. Achieve a national increase of 600,000 km2 of native habitat managed
primarily for biodiversity conservation across terrestrial, aquatic and
marine environments.
5. 1,000 km2 of fragmented landscapes and aquatic systems are being
restored to improve ecological connectivity.
6. By 2015, four collaborative continental-scale linkages are established
and managed to improve ecological connectivity
7. Reduce by at least 10% the impacts of invasive species on threatened
species and ecological communities in terrestrial, aquatic and marine
environments.
VISION
By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used,
maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and
delivering benefits essential for all people.”
MISSION
Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020
ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the
planets variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication. …..
STRATEGIC GOAL A:
Address the STRATEGIC GOAL B: STRATEGIC GOAL STRATEGIC GOAL D:
underlying causes of Reduce the direct C. Improve the status Enhance the benefits
biodiversity loss by pressures on of biodiversity by to all from
mainstreaming biodiversity and safeguarding biodiversity and
biodiversity promote sustainable ecosystems, species ecosystem services
use and genetic diversity
STRATEGIC GOAL E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management
and capacity-building
SUPPORT MECHANISMS
Aichi Nagoya Targets
Strategic goal A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding
Target 1: By 2020, People are aware of the values of biodiversity ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
and the steps they can take to conserve and use it Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water, and 10
sustainably. per cent of coastal and marine areas are conserved through systems of
Target 2: By 2020, biodiversity values are integrated into national protected areas…...
and local development and poverty reduction strategies and Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has been
planning processes and national accounts … prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those most in
Target 3: By 2020, incentives, including subsidies, harmful to decline, has been improved and sustained.
biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed ……. Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and farmed and
Target 4: By 2020, Governments, business and stakeholders have domesticated animals and of wild relatives is maintained,
plans for sustainable production and consumption and keep Strategic goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem
the impacts resource use within safe ecological limits. services
Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential services, including
promote sustainable use services are restored and safeguarded,
Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the contribution of biodiversity to
forests, is at least halved and where feasible brought close to carbon stocks has been enhanced, through conservation and restoration,
zero, and degradation and fragmentation is significantly including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded ecosystems,
reduced. Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefits Sharing is in
Target 6: By 2020 all stocks managed and harvested sustainably, so force and operational
that overfishing is avoided ……. Strategic goal E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning,
Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry knowledge management and capacity building
are managed sustainably, ensuring conservation of Target 17: By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument,
biodiversity. and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated
Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has NBSAP.
been brought to levels that are not detrimental to ecosystem Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of
function and biodiversity. indigenous and local communities and their customary use, are respected.
Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to
and prioritized, priority species are controlled or eradicated, biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the
and measures are in place to manage pathways to prevent consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and
their introduction and establishment. applied.
Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral Target 20: By 2020, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively
reefs, and other vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all
change or ocean acidification are minimized, so as to sources,, should increase substantially .
maintain their integrity and functioning.
Strategic goal A. Address the underlying causes
of biodiversity loss through mainstreaming
Target 1: By 2020, … People are aware of the values of biodiversity and
the steps they can take to conserve and use it sustainably.
Target 2: By 2020, … biodiversity values are integrated into national and
local development and poverty reduction strategies and planning
processes and national accounts …
Target 3: By 2020, … incentives, including subsidies, harmful to
biodiversity are eliminated, phased out or reformed in order to
minimize or avoid negative impacts, and positive incentives for the
conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity are developed and
applied, .
Target 4: By 2020, … Governments, business and stakeholders have
plans for sustainable production and consumption and keep the
impacts resource use within safe ecological limits.
Strategic goal B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversit
and promote sustainable use
Target 5: By 2020, the rate of loss of all natural habitats, including forests, is at least halved
and where feasible brought close to zero, and degradation and fragmentation is
significantly reduced.
Target 6: By 2020 all fish and invertebrate stocks and aquatic plants are managed and
harvested sustainably, legally and applying ecosystem based approaches, so that
overfishing is avoided, recovery plans and measures are in place for all depleted
species, fisheries have no significant adverse impacts on threatened species and
vulnerable ecosystems and the impacts of fisheries on stocks, species and ecosystems
are within safe ecological limits
Target 7: By 2020 areas under agriculture, aquaculture and forestry are managed
sustainably, ensuring conservation of biodiversity.
Target 8: By 2020, pollution, including from excess nutrients, has been brought to levels
that are not detrimental to ecosystem function and biodiversity.
Target 9: By 2020, invasive alien species and pathways are identified and prioritized, priority
species are controlled or eradicated, and measures are in place to manage pathways to
prevent their introduction and establishment.
Target 10: By 2015, the multiple anthropogenic pressures on coral reefs, and other
vulnerable ecosystems impacted by climate change or ocean acidification are
minimized, so as to maintain their integrity and functioning.
Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity
by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
Target 11: By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland
water areas, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas,
especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and
ecosystem services, are conserved through effectively and
equitably managed, ecologically representative and well
connected systems of protected areas and other effective area-
based conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes
Target 12: By 2020 the extinction of known threatened species has
been prevented and their conservation status, particularly of those
most in decline, has been improved and sustained.
Target 13: By 2020, the genetic diversity of cultivated plants and
farmed and domesticated animals and of wild relatives is
maintained,
Strategic goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiver
and ecosystem services
Target 14: By 2020, ecosystems that provide essential
services, including services are restored and
safeguarded,
Target 15: By 2020, ecosystem resilience and the
contribution of biodiversity to carbon stocks has been
enhanced, through conservation and restoration,
including restoration of at least 15 per cent of degraded
ecosystems,
Target 16: By 2015, the Nagoya Protocol on Access and
Benefits Sharing is in force and operational
Strategic goal E. Enhance implementation through participa
planning, knowledge management and capacity building
Target 17: By 2015 each Party has developed, adopted as a policy instrument,
and has commenced implementing an effective, participatory and updated
NBSAP.
Target 18: By 2020, the traditional knowledge, innovations and practices of
indigenous and local communities and their customary use, are respected.
Target 19: By 2020, knowledge, the science base and technologies relating to
biodiversity, its values, functioning, status and trends, and the
consequences of its loss, are improved, widely shared and transferred, and
applied.
Target 20: By 2020, the mobilization of financial resources for effectively
implementing the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 from all
sources,, should increase substantially .
Setting national targets
Adapt the global framework of goals and targets to the national
level
does not necessarily mean national targets for every one of the 20
global targets -- not, all of the global targets will be relevant
targets must be appropriate for each country and its unique
circumstances (which can include specific types of biodiversity, in
varying states of health and under differing pressures,
management regimes, and socio-economic and financial
situations).
If national targets already exist, a first step could be to examine
these in relation to the 20 global targets.
Setting national targets
Essentially, adapting the global framework to the national level
means devising national targets that work toward each of the 5
strategic goals of the Strategic Plan
A. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by
mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society
B. Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote
sustainable use
C. To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems,
species and genetic diversity
D. Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem
services
E. Enhance implementation through participatory planning,
knowledge management and capacity building
Each of these five goals are relevant to all Parties, and the national
biodiversity planning committee should ensure that national
targets are devised for each of them.
Setting national targets
A set of national goals and targets should have the following
characteristics:
• Cover the main biodiversity issues in the country
• Address the three objectives of the Convention (conservation,
sustainable use, and benefit sharing) and the five Goals
• Be specific and measurable (more specific than global targets)
• Be realistic: (credibility for biodiversity planning)
• Be ambitious – beyond BAU; not limited to existing resources
• Be intricately tied to the NBSAP
• Relate to the Aichi Biodiversity Targets.
• Be developed using a participatory, multi-stakeholder process
• Be limited in number. at 5-10 targets
• Time bound
Example: Target 11
Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity
by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
By 2020, at least 17 per cent of terrestrial and inland water
areas, and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas, especially
areas of particular importance for biodiversity and ecosystem
services, are conserved through effectively and equitably
managed, ecologically representative and well connected
systems of protected areas and other effective area-based
conservation measures, and integrated into the wider
landscapes and seascapes
Strategic goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity
by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity
Target 11
By 2020,
at least 17 % of terrestrial and inland water areas, and 10 % of
coastal and marine areas,
…. especially areas of particular importance for biodiversity and
ecosystem services,
….. are conserved through …. protected areas …. and other effective
area-based conservation measures
… effectively and equitably managed,
…. ecologically representative and
….. well connected systems of protected areas integrated into the
wider landscapes and seascapes
64% of oceans lies beyond national jurisdiction
Guiding questions for setting national targets
in relation to Aichi Biodiversity Target 11
• What is the current extent of protected areas on land and in marine areas,
(1) overall, and (2) by ecoregion? Do these figures include effective
indigenous and community conserved areas?
• What areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services are not
currently protected? What areas are under-represented? Gap analysis –
local, national and global perspectives.
• How effective are existing protected areas? How to improve.
• What are the opportunities and constraints to expanding protected areas,
generally and by eco-region?
• Who are the stakeholders, including indigenous and local communities,
that may be affected? How can they be involved and their needs
addressed? What are the trade-offs to consider?
• What additional resources (financial, human and technical) will be
required to reach the national target that is set? How can additional funds
be raised? What are possible funding sources?
Guiding questions for setting national targets
in relation to Aichi Biodiversity Target 11
• What is the current extent of protected areas on land and in marine areas,
(1) overall, and (2) by ecoregion? Do these figures include effective
indigenous and community conserved areas?
• What areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services are not
currently protected? What areas are under-represented? Gap analysis –
local, national and global perspectives.
• How effective are existing protected areas? How to improve.
• What are the opportunities and constraints to expanding protected areas,
generally and by eco-region?
• Who are the stakeholders, including indigenous and local communities,
that may be affected? How can they be involved and their needs
addressed? What are the trade-offs to consider?
• What additional resources (financial, human and technical) will be
required to reach the national target that is set? How can additional funds
be raised? What are possible funding sources?
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