Digestive system
What is digestive system?
Digestive system is set of organs intended
to digestion and absorbtion of nutriens like
proteins, salts, vitamins and water from
food.
Elements od digestive
system
Digestive system is built from two groups of
organs: digestive tract, that is divided into 6
parts, and 3 digestive glands.
Digestive tract
Digestive tract is built from 4 layers:
1. Mucous membrane – secretes protective
mucus
2. Submucosa – has blood vessels, lymphatic
vessels and nerves
3. Muscle membrane – is made from muscles,
that helps in moveing food
4. Peritoneum – is made from serase
membrane, taht protect digestive rtact and
saparate it from other organs.
Digestive glands
there are 3 types of digestive glands:
1. Salivary glands – produces saliva, in wich are 2
enzymes: salivary amylaze and salivary lipase
2. Pancreas – produces pancreatic juice, in which
are 5 enzymes: pancreatic amylase, trypsin,
chemotripsin, carboxypeptidaes and
pancreatic lipase
3. Liver – liver is named metabolic centre,
becouse: produces gall, magazines glycogen,
magazynes fat solube vitamins, making urea
and body detoxification
Enzymes
1. Salivary amylase – starts digestion of sugars in
mouth
2. Salivary lipase – starts digestion of lipids in mouth
3. Pancreatic amylase – continues digestion os
sugars
4. trypsin, chemotripsin, carboxypeptidaes – digests
proteins
5. pancreatic lipase – digests emulsificated lipids
6. Pepsin – digests proteins
7. Rennin – digests milk proteins
8. Stomach lipase – digests naturally emulsificated
lipids
Oral cavity
In oral cavity are tongue salivary glands and
4 type of teeth: incisors, fangs, premolars
and molars. Thanks to them human can bite
and eat any food. After takeing bite, the
food goes to throat.
Build of tooth
Toof can be divided into three parts: crown,
neck and root. Outer hard layer is named
enamel. Second layer is dentine, and the
inner is pulp, that feeds the tooth.
Throat
In the throat, one of the larynx cartilage
named epitlogis is closing blocking way to
the respiratory tract and leading bite to the
esophagus.
Esophagus
Esophagus is nearly 25 cm long tube of
muscles shrinking rythmically. Tahnks to it
the bite is moveing from throat throug the
esophagus to the stomach.
Stomach
Stomach is a muscle bag where are some
glands that are producing hydrochloric acid,
pepsins, renin and stomach lipase. The
main cells produce pepsinogen, that is
transformed into pepsin after being in touch
with hydrochloric acid. The food is
transformed into liquid pulp that goes to the
dudodenum.
Dudodenum
Dudodenum ispart of small intestine, where
both liver and pancreas are connected, so
through ducts enzymes are delivered to the
small intestine, so digestion is continued.
Liver
Liver is producing gall, that emulsificate
lipids and makeing able to digest them. The
gall is magazined in the gall bag.
Pancreas
Pancreas is producing pancreatic juice that
contains digestive enzymes and NaHCO3
that changes pH from acid to base and
make able enzymes to work in small
intestine. Enzymes: pancreatic amylase,
trypsin, chemotripsin, carboxypeptidaes
and pancreatic lipase
Small intestine
Small intestine is the longest part of
digestive system. It’s cells are specialised to
absorb nutrients: they have microvilli that
creates brush border. In small intestineare
working enzymes from pancreatic juice, but
also enzymes of brush border: peptidases
and disaccharidases. There are arbsorbed
proteins, lipids and sugars.
Large intestine
From small intestine the pulp goes to the
large intestine where water and mineral
salts are absorbed and feces is formed. Also
there is microbiome that decompose long
chain sugars like cellulose. After all feces is
going to rectum, where feces is excreted.
Absorbing nutrients
Sugars and proteins are being absorbed to
the veins and through portal vein to the
liver
Lipids are being absorbed to the limphatic
vessels
The end