CH 12 Sound
Sound
What is
sound?
Sound
What is
sound?
Sound is a
series of waves
(sound waves)
caused by
vibrations.
Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the
skin vibrates backwards and
forwards very quickly, sending
sound waves through the air
to your ears.
Sound is a
series of waves
(sound waves)
caused by
vibrations.
Sound
What is
sound? When a drum is struck, the
skin vibrates backwards and
forwards very quickly, sending
sound waves through the air
to your ears.
Sound is a
Sound waves series of waves
travel as a series
of (sound waves)
compressions caused by
and
rarefactions vibrations.
through the air.
They are
longitudinal
Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound
[Link]
Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound
[Link]
Compressi Rarefaction
on
Longitudinal
Waves
Eg. Sound
In longitudinal waves the
oscillations (vibrations) are Compressi Rarefaction
backwards and forwards. The on
different sections are known The oscillations in
as compressions and longitudinal waves are in
rarefactions. the direction of travel.
compression: a region of a
sound wave where the particles
are pushed together Sound waves are
rarefaction: a region of a sound
longitudinal waves.
wave where the particles are
Sound
Waves
Sound
Waves
Sound Wave –
Key Fact
Sound waves
are
longitudinal
waves.
Sound
Waves
Sound Wave –
Key Fact
Sound waves need a
medium (material)
to travel through –
they cannot travel
through a vacuum
(empty space)
Sound
Waves
Sound Wave –
Key Fact
Sound waves can
travel through
solids, liquids
and gases.
Speed of Sound
Sound travels
at 330
metres per
second
(330m/s) in
air, or 760
mph.
Speed of Sound
Sound travels Lightning travels
much faster than
at 330 the sound of
metres per thunder.
A 3 second gap between the
second flash of lightning and the sound
(330m/s) in of thunder means that the storm is
about a kilometre away.
air, or 760
mph.
Speed of Sound
Sound travels Lightning travels
much faster than
at 330 the sound of
metres per thunder.
A 3 second gap between the
second flash of lightning and the sound
(330m/s) in of thunder means that the storm is
about a kilometre away.
air, or 760
mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Speed of Sound
Sound travels Lightning travels
much faster than
at 330 the sound of
metres per thunder.
A 3 second gap between the
second flash of lightning and the sound
(330m/s) in of thunder means that the storm is
about a kilometre away.
air, or 760
mph.
The Speed of Sound:
Depends upon the Does not depend Is different through
temperature of the upon the pressure of different materials.
air. Sound travels the air. If atmospheric Eg. Fastest through
faster through hot air pressure changes, solids, then liquids,
than through cold air. speed does not. then gases.
Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s, water at 0oC = 1400m/s, concrete = 5000m/s
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
75 metres
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE
TIME
75 metres
75 metres
Time
How could we calculate the
speed of sound in air?
SPEED = DISTANCE Speed = 150 333 m/s
TIME 0.45
75 metres
75 metres
Time
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
As the vacuum pump
is switched on, air is
drawn out of the bell
jar. The bell begins
to get quieter.
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
As the vacuum pump
is switched on, air is
drawn out of the bell
jar. The bell begins
to get quieter.
Eventually, all of the
air particles will have
been drawn out of the
bell jar.
We can see the bell
ringing, but we can’t
hear it
Are particles needed for sound to
travel?
Conclusions:
Sound needs particles
to travel.
Sound cannot travel
through a vacuum.
Sound cannot travel
through space,
because there are no
particles.
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Sound travels faster through a
solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
Will sound travel faster through a
solid, liquid or gas?
Concrete = 5000m/s, Water at 0oC = 1400m/s, Air (dry) at 0oC = 330m/s
Sound travels faster through a
solid because the particles are
more densely packed together.
An echo is a
reflected sound
wave.
Echoes used for Navigation
A boat sends out a sound wave
so that the captain can
calculate the depth of water.
The captain knows that the
speed of sound in water is 1500
m/s
Distance = speed x time
A boat sends out a sound wave
so that the captain can
calculate the depth of water.
The captain knows that the
speed of sound in water is 1500
m/s
Distance = speed x time
But don’t forget that the sound
has travelled there and back so
we will need to divide our
answer by two to get the depth.
Depth of water = speed x time
2
Calculate the depth if:
Speed
Time (s)
(m/s)
1 1500 0.2
2 1500 1.1
3 1500 0.5
4 1500 1.6
5 1500 2.1
6 1500 0.8
Depth of water = speed x time
2
Calculate the depth if:
Speed Time Depth
(m/s) (s) (m)
1 1500 0.2 150
2 1500 1.1 825
3 1500 0.5 375
4 1500 1.6 1200
5 1500 2.1 1575
6 1500 0.8 600
Using sound
Radar Sonar
• Used to detect objects in • Used to detect objects
air, eg. aircraft. under water, eg.
submarines
Seeing the sound
Loudspeakers
convert the signal The oscilloscope
from the signal allows us to study
generator into the frequency and
sound waves. loudness of a
Signal generators can sound.
produce signals over a
range of frequencies
and of varying
amplitudes.
Pitch (or frequency)
A high pitch sound A low pitch sound.
The shorter the wavelength of the wave on the trace;
the higher the frequency of the sound.
The more waves you can see, the higher the pitch/frequency.
Loudness
A quiet sound A loud sound
The larger the amplitude of the wave on the trace;
the louder the sound.
The bigger the waves you can see, the louder the sound.
So what is
our range
of hearing?
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Human Ma 20,000 Hz
s x
Min 20 Hz
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Bat Ma 120,000 Hz
Min 1,000 Hz
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Dolphin Ma 150,000 Hz
Min 150 Hz
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Dog Ma 50,000 Hz
Min 15 Hz
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Cat Ma 65,000 Hz
Min 60 Hz
So what is
our range
of hearing?
Ultrasonic cat scarer (20kHz – 30kHz
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
above 20,000Hz)
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)
1. Industrial cleaning
– eg. of circuit
boards and teeth.
2. Breaking down
kidney stones.
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting
cracks in a metal.
Ultrasound is any
Ultrasound sound above the
range of human
hearing (i.e.
Uses above 20,000Hz)
4. Pre-natal
scanning of a
foetus
3. Industrial quality
control.- eg. Detecting 5. Range and
cracks in a metal. direction
finding - SONAR