Well Kick

Control
Methods

1
AZA – May/04
 Lesson outline
 Well shut-in procedures
 Well kill methods
 Constant bottom hole pressure method
 Drillers
 Wait and Weight
 Concurrent
 “Simplex” and “Volumetric” control
methods

2
AZA – May/04
 Lesson objectives
 Outline shut-in procedures during drilling,
tripping and out of hole
 Determine relationship between drill pipe
and annulus pressure
 Describe advantages/disadvantages and
outline procedures for constant bottom hole
pressure well killing methods
 Calculate well kill sheet
 Describe “Simplex” and “Volumetric” well
killing method

3
AZA – May/04
 Lesson outline
 Well shut-in procedures
 Well kill methods
 Constant bottom hole pressure method
 Drillers
 Wait and Weight
 Concurrent
 “Simplex” and “Volumetric” control
methods

4
AZA – May/04
 When Flow Check needed?
Sign of undesired influx entering well bore:
 Hole not taking correct amount of fluid
during trip
 Drilling break
 Increase in return flow (flow meter
paddle)
 Increase or decrease in pump pressure
 Gain in pit volume (PVT)
 High gas cut mud or chloride increase

5
AZA – May/04
 Flow check procedure

1. Stop rotary
2. Pick up TDS until tool joint
clears rotary table and BOP
rams (need prior spacing–out)
3. Shut down mud pump(s)
4. Observe/check well for flow

6
AZA – May/04
 When to shut-in well?
 Flow is observed during flow check
 When in doubt whether well flowing or
not
 Shut-in and check for pressures
 Initial small flow can rapidly develop to
full flow and blow out
 Lower pressures with smaller influx
can minimize potential of stuck pipe or
formation breakdown at casing shoe

7
AZA – May/04
 Well shut-in methods
 S
o
f
“Soft” shut-in: “Hard” shut-in: t
(Choke in open position) (Choke in close position)
• Open choke line at BOP • Close annular BOP S
stack (HCR) • Open choke line at BOP
h
• Close annular BOP stack (HCR) u
• Close choke • Obtain: SIDPP, SICP,t
• Obtain: SIDPP, SICP, PIT volume gain
PIT volume gain

Preferred shut-in method

per DOM 10.6.1
8
AZA – May/04
 Typical acceptable practices in
well control
 Recognize sign of influx, check for flow & shut-
in well early to minimize size of influx
 Empower driller to act immediately at his
discretion:
 Flow check
 Shut-in and secure well
 Put most experience people to control choke

9
AZA – May/04
 “Hard” shut-in procedure –
Drilling or Connection
First sign of flow

Stop rotary / Stab-in TDS

Raise drill string until tool joint

clear of rotary table & BOP rams

Close Annular

Open choke line (HCR valve)

Alert supervisors
Obtain: SIDP, SICP, Pit gain

10
AZA – May/04
 Hard” shut-in procedure – Tripping
First sign of flow

Position tool joint away from BOP rams

Set drill string on slips
Install opened DP safety valve & Close same

Raise drill string until tool joint

clear of rotary table & BOP rams

Close Annular

Open choke line (HCR valve) Operator to decide

whether to:
Stab-in TDS • Kill in situ
Open DP safety valve • Strip back to
bottom
Alert supervisors
Obtain: SIDP, SICP, Trip/Pit gain

11
AZA – May/04
 Shut-in procedures –
While out of hole
First sign of flow

Close Blind rams

Open choke line (HCR valve)

Alert supervisors
Obtain: SIDP, SICP, Pit/Trip gain

Operator to decide whether:

• Stripping into hole
• Bull heading down kill line
• Volumetric method

12
AZA – May/04
 Lesson outline
 Well shut-in procedures
 Well kill methods

13
AZA – May/04
 Well kick methods -
Topic Outline
 Balance of pressure calculations
 Constant bottom hole pressure
kill methods
 Drillers
 Weight and Wait
 Concurrent

 Other well kill methods

 “Simplex”
 Volumetric

14
AZA – May/04
 Objectives in well killing
Circulate out invading fluid using satisfactory
kill mud weight:
 Without allowing further influx entering
wellbore
 Without fracturing formation at casing
shoe (lost circulation)
 Cause minimum damage or other hole
problems to well

15
AZA – May/04
 Balance of pressures when shut-in (1)
SIDPP
SICP

 When shut-in, pressure in well will be

in balance
 Reduction in hydrostatic head of fluid
will be made-up by the surface
TVD

mud pressure:
 Annulus (SICP) Read-off
 Drill pipe (SIDPP) from gauges

influx
Hinflux

16
AZA – May/04
 Bottom hole pressure calculation
SIDPP
SICP BHP(drill pipe) = SIDPP + mud  0.052  TVD

BHP(annulus) = SICP + mud  0.052  (TVD – Hinflux) +

influx  0.052  Hinflux

BHP(drill pipe) = BHP (annulus)

 Annulus contains mixture of mud and influx of

TVD

mud unknown density -

Thus difficult to determine Bottom hole
pressure using casing annulus information
 Drill pipe contains known mud weight thus
influx
can be used to determine the bottom hole
Hinflux

pressure

17
AZA – May/04
 Example of Swab-in Condition
Actual Mud Hydrostatic  Pore Pressure
SIDPP
SICP

Assume following shut-in data:

SIDPP = nil (zero)
SICP = Finite (220 psi)
Mud weight, mud = 10.0 ppg
Pit gain, Vgain = 45 bbls
Hole / Drill string data:
TVD

mud
Casing = 13-3/8” 54.5# K-55
Hole size = 12-1/4”
influx Drill collar (DC) = 8” OD – 450 ft. total length
Drill pipe (DP) = 5” OD
Hinflux

Bit depth, TVD = 10,000 ft

18
AZA – May/04
 Calculate BHP from
Drill pipe Annulus
drill pipe data
SIDPP = 0 SICP
= 220 psi

BHP(drill pipe) = SIDPP + Mud hydrostatic

BHP(drill pipe) = 0 psi + mud  0.052  TVD

10,000 ft.
= 10.0 ppg  0.052  10,000
ft.
= 5,200 psi

Hinflux
5,200 psi
19
AZA – May/04
 Calculate Influx Height (Hinflux)
Drill pipe Annulus
SIDPP SICP If (Hole/DC capacity  DC length) > Vinflux
=0 = 220 psi Hinflux = Vinflux  Hole/DC capacity
If (Hole/DC capacity  DC length) < Vinflux
Hinflux = DC length + (Vinflux – Hole/DC capacity 
DC length)  Hole/DP capacity
Note: Under swab condition, influx volume will
change when compressed during shut in:
10,000 ft.

Vshut-in = (Ppore/BHP)  Vgain

(Assume Ppore = BHP in this case)

Therefore:
Hinflux = 450 ft. + (45 bbls – 0.0836 bbl/ft  450 ft)
Hinflux

 0.1215 bbl/ft
= 511 feet Annular Capacities:
• Hole/DC = 0.0836
5,200 psi bbl/ft
• Hole/DP = 0.1215
bbl/ft 20
AZA – May/04
 Calculate Influx Density (influx)
Drill pipe Annulus
SIDPP SICP
=0 = 220 psi

BHP(annulus) = BHP(drill pipe) = 5,200 psi

BHP(annulus) = SICP + mud  0.052  (TVD – Hinflux) +
influx  0.052  Hinflux

Therefore:
10,000 ft.

5,200 psi = 150 psi + 10 ppg  0.052  (10,000 – 511) ft.

+ influx  0.052  511 ft
Thus, influx = 1.72 ppg (0.09 psi/ft) – i.e., gas gradient
Hinflux

influx

5,200 psi
21
AZA – May/04
 Example of Well Kick condition
Actual Pore Pressure > Mud Hydrostatic
SIDPP
SICP

Assume following shut-in data:

SIDPP = 150 psi
SICP = 400 psi
Mud weight, mud = 10.0 ppg
Pit gain, Vgain = 50 bbls
Hole / Drill string data:
TVD

mud
Casing = 13-3/8” 54.5# K-55
Hole size = 12-1/4”
influx Drill collar (DC) = 8” OD – 450 ft. total length
Drill pipe (DP) = 5” OD
Hinflux

Bit depth, TVD = 10,000 ft

22
AZA – May/04
 Calculate BHP from
Drill pipe Annulus
drill pipe data
SIDPP SICP
= 150 = 400 psi

BHP(drill pipe) = SIDPP + Mud hydrostatic

BHP(drill pipe) = 150 psi + mud  0.052  TVD

10,000 ft.
= 10.0 ppg  0.052  10,000 ft.
= 5,350 psi

Pore pressure = 5,350 psi

Hinflux
5,200 psi

23
AZA – May/04
 Calculate Influx Height (Hinflux) &
Drill pipe Annulus Influx Density (influx)
SIDPP SICP
= 150 = 400 psi

Hinflux = 450 ft. + (50 bbls – 0.0836 bbl/ft  450 ft)

 0.1215 bbl/ft
= 552 feet
10,000 ft.

BHP(annulus) = SICP + mud  0.052  (TVD –

influx Hinflux) + influx  0.052  Hinflux
5,350 psi = 400 psi + 10  0.052  (10000 –
552) ft + influx  0.052  552 ft.
Hinflux

Thus, influx = 1.29 ppg (0.07 psi/ft) – gas gradient

Annular Capacities:
5,200 psi • Hole/DC = 0.0836
bbl/ft
• Hole/DP = 0.1215
bbl/ft 24
AZA – May/04
 Calculation for kill mud weight to
balance pore pressure

When Ppore > Original (current) mud weight:

Formation Pressure (psi)

Kill MW (ppg) =  0.052
True Vertical Depth (ft)
or

Original mud SIDPP (psi)

Kill MW (ppg) = +  0.052
Weight (ppg) True Vertical Depth (ft)

25
AZA – May/04
 Essential Pre Kick Data (1)
 Slow circulating rates (SCR)
 Shall be taken for each pump:
 At least once per tour; after considerable progress in
drilling progress depth
 After every bit change
 After every BHA change
 After significant change in mud density or rheology
 After significant progress drilling depth
 At several pumping rates (20, 30, 40 and 60 spm)
 Use same gauge(s) that will be used during well kill
operations to record pressure
 Post SCR data at Driller’s location

26
AZA – May/04
 Essential Pre Kick Data (2)
 Maximum Allowable Annular Surface Pressure
(MAASP)
 Leak-off test - a critical factor
 Revise MAASP when mud density changes
 Casing burst pressure
 Casing pressure < allowable casing rating
 Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD)
 Critical when small margin between pore, mud weight and
fracture gradients
 Obtain from daily mud and drilling reports – use most
appropriate fluid behavior
 Well Control Work Sheet
 Pre-kick sheet completed and updated every 24 hours, or
500 feet drilled

27
AZA – May/04
 Constant Bottom Hole Pressure
Well Kill Methods
 Three methods:
 Driller’s
 Weight and Wait
 Concurrent
 All methods similar in principal –
difference only in when kill mud is
pumped down

28
AZA – May/04
 Brief comparison between methods
 Driller’s method
 Kill split into two circulations
 1st circulation – circulate influx completely out of hole using
original mud weight
 2nd circulation – circulate hole with with weighted (kill) mud
all around
 Wait and Weight method
 Weight-up mud (kill mud) before commencing killing
 Circulate original mud and influx out of hole with weighted
mud (kill mud)
 Typically preferred method (also in DOM 10.7.2) because
of lowest well pressures
 Concurrent method
 Influx is circulated out while raising mud weight in stages to
desired/kill weight
29
AZA – May/04
 Drill pipe Annulus Constant bottom hole
SIDPP SICP
pressure (1)

BHP(drill pipe)1 = SIDPP + mo  0.052  D01

Hmo1

mo mo BHP(annulus)1 = g1  0.052  Hg1 +

Do1

mo  0.052  Hmo1 + SICP

BHP(drill pipe)1 = BHP(annulus)1 = BHP1 = constant

g1
Hg1

BHP1
30
AZA – May/04
 Constant bottom hole pressure (2)
Drill pipe Annulus
DPP1 DPP1 = SIDDP + SCR1
CP1 CP1

mo 1
H
K
 mo
mo

Hmo1
K

o
mo

m
 D0
Do1

g1  K  Hg1 g1

Hg1
BHP1
31
AZA – May/04
 Constant bottom hole pressure (3)
Drill pipe Annulus
DPP2 DPP2 = % SIDDP + SCR2 CP2
CP2

 mN

3
mo

DN1

mN

H
K
mo

Hmo3
K
D N1

o
m
 mo
K

Hg2
g2  K  Hg2
mo g2
Do2

 D0
2

mo 2
H

Hmo2
K

mo
o
m

BHP2
BHP2 = BHP1
32
AZA – May/04
 Constant bottom hole pressure (4)
Drill pipe Annulus
DPP3 DPP3 = SCR3 CP3 CP3

mo 5
H
mo

Hmo5
K
o
m
 mN
mN  g3  K  Hg3

Hg3
K
D N2 g3
DN2

mo4

Hmo4
H mo
K o
m

BHP3
BHP3 = BHP2 = BHP1
33
AZA – May/04
 Constant bottom hole pressure (5)
Drill pipe Annulus
DPP4 DPP4 = SCR4 CP4 CP4

Hmo6
mo  K  Hmo6
mo

g4

Hg4
g4  K  Hg4

mN  mN

K
DN2

mo4
D N2

H
mo

Hmo4
K
o
m

HmN1
mN  K  HmN1

BHP4
BHP4 = BHP3 = BHP2 = BHP1
34
AZA – May/04
 Data monitored during circulating well kill
Drill pipe Annulus
DPP Drill pipe side: CP

• Drill pipe pressure

(Standpipe pressure)
• Volume pumped (pump strokes)

Annulus side:
• Casing pressure
(Pressure downstream of choke)

• Circulate at constant pump rate

• Manipulate choke opening to
maintain drill pipe pressure per
required value

BHP
35
AZA – May/04
 Constant Bottom Hole Pressure
Well kill methods

 Driller’s method
 Wait & Wait method
 Concurrent method

36
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s Method

 Well kill in minimum of two (2) complete

circulations
 1st Circulation:
 Circulate influx out of well using existing mud
weight

 2nd Circulation:
 Circulate kill mud weight around the well

37
AZA – May/04
 Well kill procedure (1st circulation)
Zero stroke counter
Start pump slowly
Open adjustable choke

Increase pump to planned kill rate

Maintain choke pressure constant Estimated Pic =
SCR press + SIDPP
Recalculate SCR Record Pic at kill rate
pressure for next Compare actual Pic VS estimated Pic
circulation if large Maintain constant pump rate and Pic Use actual Pic
difference in Pic Complete 1st circulation

No Yes
SCIP = SIDPP? Influx removed

Proceed to 2nd circulation

Continue to kill well with Drillers method, or Prepare kill graph & kill mud
Proceed with Wait & Weight killing method

38
AZA – May/04
 Well kill procedure (2nd circulation)
Prepare
Kill mud & Kill graph
Increase pump to planned kill rate
Zero stroke counter, Start pump slowly
Maintain choke pressure constant
Open adjustable choke
Record Pinitial at kill rate
Kill mud at bit – Compare actual Pinitial VS estimated Pinitial
Maintain constant pump rate Maintain constant pump rate
Adjust choke to maintain Pfinal Adjust kill schedule to actual Pinitial

Kill mud at surface – No Bleed off trapped

Well Dead ? pressure
Stop pump, Close choke,
Record SIDDP & SICP Yes
No flow Yes
Flow check Well Dead ?
Via choke line
Circulate normally Yes No
Ensure sufficient Continue circulation
overbalance Well Dead ? To ensure kill mud is
uniform in system
No
39
AZA – May/04
 Kill graph for 2nd circulation

Standpipe pressure Pinitial +

SIDPP With safety margin

Pfinal
Pump stroke

Strokes
Minutes
Pressure

P initial = Actual circulating pressure at end of 1st circulation

Kill mud weight
P final = P initial  Original mud wt.
40
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Initial shut-in condition
SIDPP = 230 psi SICP = 465 psi
Circ. press = SIDPP + SCR
= 230 + 300 psi
= 530 psi

10 ppg
original mud

Depth: 2500 m 163m

BHP = 4,495 psi

41
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Gas influx passes above drill collar
DPP = SIDDP + SCR
SCP = 415 psi
= 530 psi

130m

BHP = 4,495 psi

42
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Gas influx about halfway in open hole
DPP = SIDDP + SCR
SCP = 484 psi
= 530 psi

166m

BHP = 4,495 psi

43
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Gas influx at casing shoe
DPP = SIDDP + SCR
SCP = 570 psi
= 530 psi

216m

BHP = 4,495 psi

44
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Gas influx about halfway inside casing
DPP = SIDDP + SCR SCP = 717 psi
= 530 psi

267m

BHP = 4,495 psi

45
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method - 1st circulation
Gas influx at surface
DPP = SIDDP + SCR
SCP = 983 psi
= 530 psi

458m

BHP = 4,495 psi

46
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – Complete 1st circulation
SIDDP= 230 psi SICP = 230 psi

458m

BHP = 4,495 psi

47
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 1st circulation
Pressure profiles
Circulating pressure

SCR Drill pipe

Pressure
SIDPP

Gas influx
Annulus
Pressure
Water
influx
SICP

Time or Pump Strokes

48
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method –
Calculate Kill mud weight and final
circulating pressure

SIDPP
Kill mud weight, ppg = Original MW +
TVD  0.052

230 psi
= 10.0 ppg +
(2500 m / 0.3048 m/ft)  0.052
= 10.54 ppg (take 10.6 ppg)

Kill mud weight

Pfinal = Pinitial 
Original MW
10.6 ppg
= 300 psi 
10.0 ppg
= 318 psi

49
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method –
Prepare kill graph for 2nd circulation
150 psi safety
margin
680
psi 125 psi safety
margin
530
psi 443 psi

318 psi

0 Pump Stroke 1390

Strokes 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1390

Pressure 680 646 612 578 544 509 475 443

50
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method –
Start of 2nd circulation
DPP = SIDDP + Safety margin + SCR SICP = 380 psi
= 230 psi + 150 psi + 300 psi

458m

BHP = 4,645 psi

51
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 2nd circulation
Kill mud @ about halfway thru drill pipe
SCP = 380 psi
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR
= 84 psi + 149 + 311 psi

BHP = 4,645 psi

52
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 2nd circulation
Kill mud at drill bit
SICP = 380 psi
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR
= 0 psi + 125 + 318 psi

BHP = 4,645 psi

53
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 2nd circulation
Kill mud @ halfway in annulus
SCP = 252 psi
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR
= 0 psi + 125 + 318 psi

BHP = 4,645 psi

54
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 2nd circulation
Kill mud at surface
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR SCP = 125 psi
= 0 psi + 125 + 318 psi

BHP = 4,645 psi

55
AZA – May/04
 Driller’s method – 2nd circulation
Pressure profile
Pinitial
Safety Margin
Pfinal + margin Drill pipe
SCR
Pfinal Pressure

Well dead
SIDPP in drill pipe

Surface to bit

Safety margin Annulus

Pressure
SICP

56
AZA – May/04
 Advantages & Disadvantages
of Driller’s method
 Advantages:
 Minimum arithmetic
 Minimum waiting time – can start well kill
immediately
 Minimum information required
 Disadvantages
 Highest annular pressure produced
Reason why
 Formation breakdown at shoe when gas this method not
influx reaches shoe normally
 Casing burst when gas influx reaching recommended
surface
 Maximum well under pressure time
 Longest “on-choke” time

57
AZA – May/04
 Class Work

Kill Sheet Calculations for

Drillers Method

58
AZA – May/04
 Constant Bottom Hole Pressure
Well kill methods

 Driller’s method
 Wait & Wait method
 Concurrent method

59
AZA – May/04
 Wait and Weight method

 Also known as “Engineer’s method” or “One

Circulation method”
 Theoretically, kill well in one circulation
 Use stabilized SIDPP to calculate required kill mud
 Mix sufficient kill mud in tanks before commencing
well kill operations

60
AZA – May/04
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Wait and Weight method
 Advantages:
 Lowest well bore and surface pressure (i.e.,
safest method)
 Preferred by many operators and
recommended by well control experts
 Required method specified in DOM 10.7.2
unless instructed otherwise
 Minimum “on-choke” circulating time

 Disadvantages:
 Considerable waiting for weighting up mud –
gas migration issue (have kill mud on standby)
 Difficult to make large increase in mud weight
uniformly in one stage

61
AZA – May/04
 Procedure for W & W
Prepare method
Kill mud & Kill graph
Increase pump to planned kill rate
Zero stroke counter, Start pump slowly
Maintain choke pressure constant
Open adjustable choke
Record Pinitial at kill rate
Kill mud at bit – Compare actual Pinitial VS estimated Pinitial
Maintain constant pump rate Maintain constant pump rate
Adjust choke to maintain Pfinal Adjust kill schedule to actual Pinitial

Kill mud at surface – No Bleed off trapped

Well Dead ? pressure
Stop pump, Close choke,
Record SIDDP & SICP Yes
No flow Yes
Flow check Well Dead ?
Via choke line
Yes No
Circulate normally
Continue circulation
Ensure sufficient Well Dead ? To ensure kill mud is
overbalance uniform in system
No
62
AZA – May/04
 Wait and Weight method
Example well kick
SIDPP
SICP

 Drill string data:

 Drill pipe = 5” 19.5#
 Drill collar = 120m, 8” 2-11/16”
13-3/8” 54.5# csg  Kick data:
@ 1000m TVD  SIDPP = 230 psi
2500m

 SICP = 465 psi

 Kick volume = 50 bbls
 Original mud weight: 10.0 ppg
 SCR @ 30 spm = 300 psi
(2500m)
12-1/4” hole

63
AZA – May/04
 Calculate kill mud weight and Final
circulating pressure

SIDPP
Kill mud weight, ppg = Original MW +
TVD  0.052

230 psi
= 10.0 ppg +
(2500 m / 0.3048 m/ft)  0.052
= 10.54 ppg (take 10.6 ppg)

Kill mud weight

Pfinal = Pinitial 
Original MW
10.6 ppg
= 300 psi 
10.0 ppg
= 318 psi

64
AZA – May/04
 Prepare kill graph
680
psi
125 psi safety margin
555
psi 443 psi

SIDPP = 230 psi

318 psi
10.6# mud = 25 psi
SCR = 300 psi

0 1390
Pump Stroke

Strokes 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1390

Pressure 680 646 612 578 544 509 475 443

65
AZA – May/04
 Initial shut-in condition
SIDPP = 230 psi SICP = 465 psi

10 ppg
original mud

Depth: 2500 m 163m

BHP = 4,495 psi

66
AZA – May/04
 Start of circulation
DPP = SIDPP + Safety margin + SCR SCP = 615 psi
= (230 + 25) psi + 125 psi + 300 psi
= 680 psi

Original BHP = 4495 psi

10.6# vs 10.54# = 25 psi
Safety margin = 125 psi
163m

BHP = 4,645 psi

67
AZA – May/04
 Condition @ 400 strokes
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR SCP = 567 psi
= 182 psi + 125 psi + 305 psi
= 612 psi

129m

BHP = 4,645 psi

68
AZA – May/04
 Condition @ 800 strokes
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR SCP = 575 psi
= 108 psi + 125 psi + 311 psi
= 544 psi

133m

BHP = 4,645 psi

69
AZA – May/04
 Kill mud at bit
DPP = U/B + Safety margin + SCR SCP = 586 psi
= 0 psi + 125 psi + 318 psi
= 443 psi

137m

BHP = 4,645 psi

70
AZA – May/04
 After pumping 3055 strokes
DPP = Safety margin + SCR SCP = 594 psi
= 125 psi + 318 psi
= 443 psi

158m

BHP = 4,645 psi

71
AZA – May/04
 Influx at casing shoe
DPP = Safety margin + SCR SCP = 629 psi
= 125 psi + 318 psi
= 443 psi

158m

BHP = 4,645 psi

72
AZA – May/04
 Influx at surface
DPP = Safety margin + SCR SCP = 1016 psi
= 125 psi + 318 psi
= 443 psi
480m

BHP = 4,645 psi

73
AZA – May/04
 W&W
method – Circulating pressure
Safety margin
Pressure Drill pipe
pressure
profiles Well dead in
drill pipe

Surface
to bit
Gas influx reaches
surface

Annulus
Original mud pressure
reaches
surface
Initial
annulus
pressure

74
AZA – May/04
 Annular pressure profile
for 0.25 ppg – 1.5 ppg kick intensities

1.5# kick
1000

1.0# kick
Pressure (psi)

0.75# kick

0.5# kick
500

0.25# kick

Total depth: 4250m

Original MW: 11 ppg
Influx volume: 50 bbls
Kill MW: Balance
0

Pump strokes
75
AZA – May/04
 Annular pressure profile
for 10 – 50 bbls influx volumes
1000
Pressure (psi)

50 bbls

30 bbls
500

10 bbls

Total depth: 4250m

Original MW: 11 ppg
Kick intensity: 1 ppg
Kill MW: 12 ppg
0

Pump strokes
76
AZA – May/04
 Annular pressure
Driller’s VS W&W method
1661 psi
1500

Driller’s 1st circ

Pressure (psi)

1157 psi

Wait & Weight

1000

Total depth: 4,250m

Original MW: 11 ppg
Kick intensity: 1.5 ppg
Influx volume: 50 bbls
W&W kill MW: balance
500

Pump strokes
77
AZA – May/04
 Class Work

Kill Sheet Calculations for

Wait and Weight Method

78
AZA – May/04
 Constant Bottom Hole Pressure
Well kill methods

 Driller’s method
 Wait & Wait method
 Concurrent method

79
AZA – May/04
 Concurrent method
 A compromise method between Driller’s and Wait &
Weight methods
 Well kill circulation starts using original mud weight as
soon as shut-in pressures are determined
 Mud weight pumped increased in stages from original
mud weight to required kill mud weight while
circulating well
 Circulating pressures adjusted according to “drill pipe
pressure schedule” to maintain bottom hole
(approximately) constant
 Weighting up and circulation continue until required kill
mud circulated around well
 May require several complete circulations out of hole to
complete well kill

80
AZA – May/04
 Concurrent method –
Example drill pipe pressure reduction schedule
Data: SIDP = 500 psi Depth = 12,000 ft
Original MW = 10.5 ppg Original SCR = 700 psi
Kill MW = 10.5 ppg + (500 psi / 10,000 ft)  0.052 = 11.3 ppg
F.C.P = 700 psi  (11.3 ppg / 10.5 ppg) = 753 ppg

1,200

safety margin
Pressure (psi)

I. C. P =
1,000 1200 psi

800
Mud weight (ppg) FCP = 753
psi
10.5 11.0 (11.3) 11.5
(original MW) (kill MW)
81
AZA – May/04
 Advantages & Disadvantages of
Concurrent method

 Advantages
 Minimum waiting time – kill can start as soon as
shut-in pressures established
 Allows large increase in mud weight to be made
smoothly, minimally affecting mud properties

 Disadvantages
 Slightly more complex calculation
 Well circulated under pressure for longest time

82
AZA – May/04
 Other well kill methods
 “Simplex” method
 Volumetric method

83
AZA – May/04
 “Simplex” method
 Variant of Wait and Weight method – simplify
assumption

Wait & Wait method “Simplex” method

Hold casing pressure constant Hold casing pressure constant
while increase pump to kill rate while increase pump to kill rate
Reduce circulating pressure Hold casing pressure constant
per reduction schedule until until kill mud reaches bit
Continue to circulate well at Use the drill pipe pressure
final circulating pressure obtained when kill mud reached
bit above to continue circulating
influx out of well

84
AZA – May/04
 Example of surface pressure profile for
conventional wait & weight method

+
+ + 82 psi Total depth: 4,250m
+
+ Original MW: 11 ppg
1200

+ Kick intensity: 1.5 ppg

+
kill MW: balance
50 bbl kick
Annular pressure (psi)

35 psi + +
1000

+ +
+ +
Kill mud + +
+ +
800

Surface to bit 10 bbl kick

600

0 75 150 225 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500

Mud volume pumped (bbls)

85
AZA – May/04
 Issues with “Simplex” method (1)

 Method imposes higher circulating pressure on

wellbore:
 Bottom hole pressure increases when pumping kill mud
(higher mud weight) down drill pipe to bit
 Holding constant casing pressure produces higher
circulating pressure
 Remaining circulations to remove influx done with higher
circulating pressure
 Higher bottom hole pressure can result in formation
breakdown (lost circulation) and further well control
problems

86
AZA – May/04
 Issues with “Simplex” method (2)
 Generally not a recommended method – for
success of well kill:
 Need to be sure of actual downhole pressures and
limitations
 Can be critical in deep and slim hole wells

 Satisfactory method for:

 Incompressible influx such as saltwater kick – allows
a steady bottom hole pressure
 Small gas kick influx and concentrated at or very
near hole bottom
 Gas expands only slightly near hole bottom
 Small pressure increase by not allowing
expansion

87
AZA – May/04
 Volumetric method
 Bleeding of mud from well to counter gas migration
effect when well is left shut-in for a long period
 When left shut-in, gas migrates slowly upwards
 When not allowed to expand, migrating gas will retain
its pressure and cause increase in well pressures and
eventually damage well
 Bleeding of mud can allow gas expansion and attain
steady bottom hole pressure
 Generally only a temporary measure until
implementation of other true well kill procedures
(e.g., stripping in, etc)
 Applicable in following circumstances:
 Pipe out of hole
 Washout, parted or plugged pipe
 Pipe cannot be stripped to bottom

88
AZA – May/04
 Volumetric method
SIDPP SIDPP+P1 SIDPP+P1 SIDPP+P1+P2
SICP SICP+P1 SICP+P1
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0

SICP+P1+
P2

mud Mud
hydrostatic
equivalent
to P

P2V2
P2V2
P1V1 P1V1
Hmud
BHP BHP + P = P1+ Hmud BHP ~BHP
Initial condition Gas migrates Bleeds mud New condition
89
AZA – May/04
 Applicable equations
Increase in surface pressure [psi/hr]
Influx migration rate = [ft/hr]
Drilling mud density [ppg]  0.052

Mud hydrostatic pressure:

(for one barrel of drilling mud in annulus)
Mud density [ppg]  0.05195
= [psi]
Annular capacity [bbl/ft]  1029.417
Mud density [ppg]  53.48
= [psi]
(IDcsg2 – DP2) [in2]

Mud volume to bleed from annulus to maintain BHP:

Increase in surface pressure [psi]
= Annular capacity [bbl/ft]  [bbl]
Mud density [ppg]  0.052
(I.D2 – DP2) Increase in surface pressure [psi]
= [bbl/ft] [bbl]
1029.4 Mud density [ppg]  0.052

90
AZA – May/04
 Casing pressure method procedure
Prepare volumetric worksheet
Prepare kill mud Do not vent gas yet.
Line up to pump kill mud thru kill line.
(Calculate equivalent hydrostatic pressure
Determine migration rate of influx. of kill mud, MAASP & Csg pressure limits)
Calculate hydrostatic of 1 bbl mud
in annulus.
Pump kill mud until casing pressure
reaches predetermined limit.
(Pump in small volume (~1/4 bbl) & allow
Allow casing pressure to increase by: csg pressure to stabilize before continue)
• Operating margin (usually 100 psi)
• Safety margin (usually 100 psi also) Allow kill mud to fall through influx
Bleed gas and reduce csg pressure
by equivalent hydrostatic of kill mud.
Bleed off equivalent mud volume to Shut-in if mud is bled from well & wait
Operating margin slowly at constant to allow mud to fall through influx.
casing pressure. Maintain safety margin.
No
Yes All gas vented?
No
Influx at surface?
Yes
Proceed to kill well using Wait & Weight method
91
AZA – May/04
 Volumetric method pressure graph
SIDPP
SICP1
- Initial shut-in
1
0 0

SIDPP1 = SICP1 = 545 psi

Top of influx:
5” drill pipe
= 2500m – 50 bbls  hole capacity
@ 900m
= 2500m – (50 bbls  0.4783 bbls/m)
= 2500m – 105m = 2395m
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Pressure at top of influx:
12-1/4” hole = 545 psi + 10 ppg  0.052  2395m  0.3048
10 ppg = 4631 psi
mud
Neglect weight of influx:
Influx: BHP = 4631 psi
P = 4631 psi
V = 50 bbls
Safety margin = 100 psi
Operating margin = 100 psi
Well depth @ 2500m

92
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (1)
DPP2 Current casing pressure = 745 psi
CP2
0 0

Height of migration:
= (745 – 545) psi  (10 ppg mud  0.052)
= 385 ft (117m)
5” drill pipe
@ 900m Top of influx after migration:
= 2395 m (original) – 117m = 2278m
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Height of influx: = 105m (original)
Bottom of influx: = 2278 m + 105 m = 2383m
Influx:
P = 4631 psi BHP:
V = 50 bbls = Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below
= 4631 psi + (2500 – 2383)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
TOI = = 4831 psi (200 psi increase)
2278 m

Well depth @ 2500m

93
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (1)
DPP2 = CP2= Height of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
745 psi = 100 psi  0.52 psi/ft mud = 192 ft (58.6m)
0 0

Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:

= (12.252  1029.4)  192 ft = 28 bbls

Influx vol: = 50 bbls original + 28 bbls = 78 bbls

5” drill pipe
@ 900m
Influx pressure (neglect its weight):
= (4631 psi  50 bbls)  78 bbls = 2969 psi
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Depth of top of influx:
 745 psi + 0.52 psi/ft mud  DTOI = 2969 psi
DTOI = 4277 ft (1303m)
Influx:
TOI =
P = 2969 psi
V = 78 bbls
1303 m Influx height:
= 78 bbls  (12.252 / 1029.4) = 535 ft (163m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 2969 psi + (2500 m WD – (1303m TOI + 163m
height)  0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
Well depth @ 2500m = 4733 psi (~ initial BHP + 100 psi safety margin)
94
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (1)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

95
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (2)
DPP2 = CP2
= 845 psi Influx pressure = 2969 psi
0 0 Influx volume = 78 bbls
Current casing pressure = 845 psi

Height of migration:
5” drill pipe = (845 – 745) psi  0.52 psi/ft mud
@ 900m = 192 ft (59m)
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Top of influx after migration:
= 1303 m – 59m = 1244m
Influx: TOI =
P = 2969 psi 1244 m Height of influx: = 163m (78 bbls)
V = 78 bbls Bottom of influx: = 1244 m + 163 m = 1407m

BHP:
= Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below influx
= 2969 psi + (2500 – 1407)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft
mud
Well depth @ 2500m = 4833 psi (202 psi increase than initial)
96
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (2)
DPP2 = CP2 Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
= 845 psi = (12.252  1029.4)  192 ft = 28 bbls
0 0

Influx vol: = 78 bbls + 28 bbls = 106 bbls

Influx pressure (neglect its weight):

5” drill pipe TOI = = (2969 psi  78 bbls)  106 bbls = 2185 psi
@ 900m 785 m
Depth of top of influx:
13-3/8” 54.5#  845 psi + 0.52 psi/ft mud  DTOI = 2185 psi
csg @ 1000m DTOI = 2577 ft (785m)

Influx: Influx height:

P = 2185 psi = (900 – 785)m + (1000 – 900m) + 6 bbls 
V = 106 bbls (12.252/1029.4) = 747 ft (228m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 2185 psi + (2500 m WD – (785m TOI + 228m height)
 0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4721 psi (~ lower BHP due to longer influx across DP)
Well depth @ 2500m
97
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (2)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

98
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (3)
DPP3 = CP3
= 945 psi Influx pressure = 2185 psi
0 0 Influx volume = 106 bbls
Current casing pressure = 945 psi

Height of migration:
TOI = = (945 – 845) psi  0.52 psi/ft mud
5” drill pipe
726 m
@ 900m = 192 ft (59m)
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Top of influx after migration:
= 785 m – 59m = 726m
Influx:
P = 2185 psi Height of influx: = 236m (106 bbls)
V = 106 bbls Bottom of influx: = 726 m + 236 m = 962m

BHP:
= Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below influx
= 2185 psi + (2500 – 962)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4809 psi (~ net gain BHP of only 88 psi due to longer influx
Well depth @ 2500m across DP)
99
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (3)
DPP3 = CP3
= 945 psi
0 0
Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
= [(12.6152 – 52)  1029.4]  192 ft = 25 bbls

Influx vol: = 106 bbls + 25 bbls = 131 bbls

5” drill pipe TOI = Influx pressure (neglect its weight):

@ 900m 482 m
= (2185 psi  106 bbls)  131 bbls = 1768 psi
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Depth of top of influx:
 945 psi + 0.52 psi/ft mud  DTOI = 1768 psi
DTOI = 1583 ft (482m)
Influx:
P = 1758 psi
Influx height:
V = 131 bbls
= 131 bbls  [(12.6152 – 52) / 1029.4) = 1005 ft (306m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 1768 psi + (2500 m WD – (482m TOI + 306m height)
 0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4689 psi (~ only 58 psi above formation pressure)
Well depth @ 2500m
100
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (3)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

101
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (4)
DPP4 = CP4
= 1,045 psi Influx pressure = 1768 psi
0 0 Influx volume = 131 bbls
Current casing pressure = 1045 psi

TOI =
Height of migration:
5” drill pipe 423 m = (1045 – 945) psi  0.52 psi/ft mud
@ 900m = 192 ft (59m)
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Top of influx after migration:
= 482 m – 59m = 423m
Influx:
P = 1768 psi Height of influx: = 306m (131 bbls)
V = 131 bbls Bottom of influx: = 423 m + 306 m = 729m

BHP:
= Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below influx
= 1768 psi + (2500 – 729)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4789 psi (net BHP gain of ~100 psi)
Well depth @ 2500m
102
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (4)
DPP4 = CP4
= 1,045 psi Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
0 0 = [(12.6152 – 52)  1029.4]  192 ft = 25 bbls

Influx vol: = 131 bbls + 25 bbls = 156 bbls

TOI =
257 m Influx pressure (neglect gas weight):
5” drill pipe
@ 900m = (4631 psi  50 bbls)  156 bbls = 1484 psi

13-3/8” 54.5# Depth of top of influx:

csg @ 1000m  1045 psi + 0.52 psi/ft mud  DTOI = 1484 psi
DTOI = 844 ft (257m)
Influx:
P = 1484 psi Influx height:
V = 156 bbls = 156 bbls  [(12.6152 – 52) / 1029.4) = 1197 ft (365m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 1484 psi + (2500 m WD – (257m TOI + 365m height)
 0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4688 psi (~ only 57 psi above formation pressure)
Well depth @ 2500m
103
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (4)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

104
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (5)
DPP5 = CP5
= 1,145 psi Influx pressure = 1484 psi
0 0 Influx volume = 156 bbls
Current casing pressure = 1145 psi

TOI =
Height of migration:
5” drill pipe 423 m = (1145 – 1045) psi  0.52 psi/ft mud
@ 900m = 192 ft (59m)
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Top of influx after migration:
= 257 m – 59m = 198 m
Influx:
P = 1484 psi Height of influx: = 365m (156 bbls)
V = 156 bbls Bottom of influx: = 198 m + 365 m = 563m

BHP:
= Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below influx
= 1484 psi + (2500 – 563)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4789 psi (net BHP gain of ~100 psi)
Well depth @ 2500m
105
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (5)
DPP5 = CP5
= 1,145 psi Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
0 0
= [(12.6152 – 52)  1029.4]  192 ft = 25 bbls

Influx vol: = 156 bbls + 25 bbls = 181 bbls

TOI =
79 m
5” drill pipe
Influx pressure (neglect gas weight):
@ 900m = (4631 psi  50 bbls)  181 bbls = 1279 psi

13-3/8” 54.5# Depth of top of influx:

csg @ 1000m  1145 psi + 0.52 psi/ft mud  DTOI = 1279 psi
DTOI = 258 ft (79m)
Influx:
P = 1279 psi Influx height:
V = 181 bbls = 181 bbls  [(12.6152 – 52) / 1029.4) = 1389 ft (423m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 1279 psi + (2500 m WD – (79m TOI + 423m height)
 0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4688 psi (~ only 57 psi above formation pressure)
Well depth @ 2500m
106
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (5)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

107
AZA – May/04
 Gas migration (6)
DPP6 = CP6
= 1,245 psi Influx pressure = 1279 psi
0 0 Influx volume = 181 bbls
Current casing pressure = 1245 psi

TOI =
Height of migration:
5” drill pipe 423 m = (1145 – 1045) psi  0.52 psi/ft mud
@ 900m = 192 ft (59m)
13-3/8” 54.5#
csg @ 1000m
Top of influx after migration:
= 79 m – 59m = 20 m
Influx:
P = 1279 psi Height of influx: = 423m (181 bbls)
V = 181 bbls Bottom of influx: = 20 m + 423 m = 443m

BHP:
= Influx pressure + mud hydrostatic below influx
= 1279 psi + (2500 – 443)m/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4788 psi (net BHP gain of ~100 psi)
Well depth @ 2500m
108
AZA – May/04
 Bleed off mud at constant pressure (6)
DPP6 = CP6 Volume of mud to be bled for 100 psi margin:
= 1,245 psi = [(12.6152 – 52)  1029.4]  192 ft = 25 bbls
0 0

Influx vol: = 181 bbls + 25 bbls = 206 bbls

TOI = Influx pressure (neglect gas weight):

surface
= (4631 psi  50 bbls)  206 bbls = 1124 psi (< CP6)
5” drill pipe
@ 900m
Amount of mud bled before gas reaches surface:
13-3/8” 54.5# = (4631 psi  50 bbls)  1245 psi – 181 bbls
csg @ 1000m = ~5 bbls

DO NOT BLEED GAS YET!

Influx:
P = 1245 psi
V = 186 bbls Influx height:
= 186 bbls  [(12.6152 – 52) / 1029.4) = 1427 ft (435m)

Bottom hole pressure:

= 1245 psi + (2500 m WD – 435m height)  0.3048 
0.52 psi/ft mud
= 4768 psi (BHP ~137 psi above formation pressure)
Well depth @ 2500m
109
AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure after bleed
off mud at constant pressure (6)
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

110
AZA – May/04
 Replacing gas with mud -
Calculate kill mud weight

 Formation pressure = 4,631 psi

 Calculate original mud hydrostatic below influx:

= (2500m WD – 435m influx height)/0.3048  0.52 psi/ft mud
= 3,523 psi

 Calculate required kill mud:

= (4631 – 3523) psi  (435m height / 0.3048)
= 0.78 psi/ft (15 ppg mud) - achievable

111
AZA – May/04
 Calculate kill mud volume and
resultant pressures

 Height of kill mud that generates 100 psi

= 100 psi  0.78 psi/ft mud
= 128 ft (39 m)

 Volume of kill to be pumped to generate 100 psi

= 128 ft  [(12.6152 – 52) / 1029.4] bbl/ft
= 16.7 bbls

 Pressure of influx if no gas is bled off while

pumping kill mud in:
= (1245 psi  186 bbls) / (186 bbls – 16.7 bbls kill mud)
= 1368 psi

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AZA – May/04
 Increase in BHP if gas is not bled when
pumping kill mud
CP = 1245 psi CP = 1368 psi

39m
435m 435m
(100 psi)
Additional pressures:
= (1368 – 1245) psi gas +
100 psi kill mud
= 223 psi
BHP = 4768 psi BHP = 4991 psi
(137 psi overbalance) (360 psi overbalance)

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 Increase in BHP if casing pressure is kept
constant while pumping kill mud
CP = 1245 psi CP = 1245 psi

39m
435m 435m
(100 psi)

BHP = 4768 psi BHP = 4868 psi

(137 psi overbalance) (237 psi overbalance)

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 Pumping kill mud at constant casing pressure
 Operations:
SICP  Pump kill mud slowly in stages and bleed gas
SIDPP to maintain constant casing pressure
 Bleed casing pressure by 100 psi after each
time 16.7 bbls of kill mud pumped

 Number of stages to fill annulus:

15 ppg = 435 m  39 m = 11.2 times
kill mud
 Surface pressures when complete filling
annulus with kill mud:
Casing pressure:
= 4631 psi – [435m  0.78 psi/ft + 2065m
39m  0.052 psi/ft] / 0.3048
(100 psi) 435m = ~ -5 psi (i.e., nil)
Drill pipe pressure:
= 4631 psi – [2500m  0.52 psi/ft  0.3048]
= 366 psi
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AZA – May/04
 Casing & Bottom-hole pressure
- Replacing gas with mud at constant casing pressure
1245

Gas migration 1145 1145 Replacing gas

Casing Pressure (psi)

& expansion With mud

1045 1045

945 945

845 845

745 745

645
100 psi
safety margin 545

445
Mud BHP

Operating margin = 100 psi

345
Safety margin = 100 psi
245
Initial shut-in BHP = 4631 psi

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 Class Work

Volumetric Calculation
Exercise

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 END

THANK YOU

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AZA – May/04