Standards
Ethernet / IEEE-802.3
• This is a packet-switched LAN/MAN/WAN
technology that transmits information
between computers at 10, 100 Mbps, 1, 10,
100 GBPS …..
• It is a broadcast bus ( 10/100 Mbps Only)
• Best-effort delivery system
• CSMA/CD for medium access: decentralized
arbitration mechanism (only for Bus)
Ethernet Cont….
• Synchronous –
– 8 Byte Preamble
• 8 Preamble (01010101) - (Ethernet)
• 7 ( Preamble ) + 1(SOF) - (IEEE 802.3)
• Maximum 1518 byte per frame
• 14 Bytes in header + 1500 Bytes in Payload +
4 Bytes in Footer
– 6 Bytes Destination Address (2 Byte Optional )
– 6 Bytes Source Address (2 Byte Optional )
– 2 Byte Length(IEEE 802.3) \ Type(Ethernet)
– 4 Bytes Frame check sequence (CRC)
Frame Format
Ethernet Cont….
• Manchester encoding (collision detection)
• Max Distance 2.5Km
• Carrier Sense Multiple Access / Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD)
• Minimum 64 Bytes to insure collision
• Binary exponential back-off algorithm for retx after
collision
Why Minimum 64 Bytes
• Valid with Thick_Net (10BASE5) Max Driving
Capacity 500 Meters
• With 4 Repeaters ( Delay included - 3µSec/R )
• Signal Travels at 0.6 Times of Light Speed
• Round trip time come to 50 µSec
• At 10 Mbps 1 Bit = 100 nSec so 500 bits
• Approx. to 512 bits = 64 Bytes (Slot Time)
Binary Exponential Back Off
• Algorithm to select waiting time after collision
• In multiple of slot time (round trip time - 512
bits)
• After ith collision
– Select number between 0 and ( 2i – 1)
• Maximum value is restricted to 1023 (i=10)
• After 16 collisions Ethernet drops frame
report error to upper layer.
Ethernet Cont….
• Inter-frame gap (IFG) - 96 bit ( 9.6 µSec- 10Mbps)
• 10 Gbps IFG can be reduced to 40 bit times
• 1 Gbps IFG can be reduced to 64 bit times
• 100Mbps, IFG is not specified.
• 10Mbps IFG can be reduced to 47 bit times.
• Transmission media-
– Thick co-axial
– Thin co-axial
– Twisted pair(UTP, STP)
– Fiber optics
Thicknet 10Base5
Thicknet Cable Thicknet cable is a
relatively rigid coaxial cable about 1.27
centimeters (0.5 inches) in diameter
ThinNet 10Base2
Ethernet Cont….
Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernets:
Use switches; no bus topology.
No collision
Deterministic – At low load (Switch Delay)
Encoding schemes are different. 4B/5B,
8B/10B,etc
100 Mbps Ethernet ( 802.3u)
Name Cable Max Advantages
Segment
100BaseT4 Twisted Pair – 4 Pairs 100m Cat – 3 UTP
100BaseT2 Twisted Pair – 2 Pairs 100m Cat – 5 UTP,
Full Duplex
100BaseTX Twisted Pair 100m Cat – 5 UTP,
Full Duplex
100Base Fx Two strands of optical fiber 2000m Full Duplex,
Long Segment
100Base Sx Two strands of multi-mode 500m Low Cost,
optical fiber Full Duplex,
100BASE-BX Single-mode fiber 10, 20 40 kM Long Segment
100BASE-LX10 Two single-mode optical 10 km Long Segment
fibers
Giga Bit Ethernet - 802.3ab
Name Medium Specified distance
1000BASE‑CX Twinaxial cabling 25 meters
220 to 550 m dependent on
1000BASE‑SX Multi-mode fiber
diameter and bandwidth
1000BASE‑LX Multi-mode fiber 550 meters
1000BASE‑LX Single-mode fiber 5 km
Single-mode fiber using 1,310 nm
1000BASE‑LX10 10 km
wavelength
Single-mode fiber at 1,550 nm
1000BASE‑ZX ~ 70 km
wavelength
Single-mode fiber, over single-strand
1000BASE‑BX10 fiber: 1,490 nm downstream 1,310 nm 10 km
upstream
Twisted-pair cabling (Cat‑5, Cat‑5e,
1000BASE‑T 100 meters
Cat‑6, or Cat‑7)
1000BASE‑TX Twisted-pair cabling (Cat‑6, Cat‑7) 100 meters
Ethernet - Disadvantages
• Analog component for collision detection
• Minimum 64 bytes, overhead for small data
• Non-deterministic, no priorities, so not
suitable for realtime app.
• Max 2.5km max dist at 10Mbps
• At high loads collision becomes major
problems
Ethernet - Advantages
• Most widely used
• Simple protocol
• Passive cable, without modems
• At low load delay is nearly 0 as no wait for
token
• High speed (100Mbps, 1000Mbps, 10Gbps,
100Gbps) Ethernet uses switches, which
means no collision and hence no/bounded
non-determinism for specified traffic limits.
Token Bus : IEEE 802.4
• Bus topology, CoAxial
• Conceptual ring - knows ‘left’, ‘right’.
• Physical order of the station does not matter
• When a node goes down, the adjacent nodes
re-configure neighbor
• Inserting & deleting stations possible
• Token frame for medium access with Priority
• Token Bus Advantages
– More deterministic than Ethernet
– Can handle short frames
– Supports priorities
– Excellent throughput & efficiency at high loads
• Token Bus Advantages
• Loss of token introduce more uncertainty
• Complex protocol, Delay at low loads (for token)
• Analog engineering (modem, amplifier)
• Not suited for fiber optic medium
Token Ring IEEE 802.5
• Ring network, Differential Manchester encoding
• A collection of pt-to- pt links forming a circle
• No limitation on frame size
• Twisted pair, co-ax, fiber optics cables
• Cable break leads to death of ring
• Wire-centres; this is star-shaped ring
• Frames, tokens can be assigned priorities
• Automatic acknowledgements of frames occur
• Monitor station to monitor ring & token
Wire-centres
• Token Ring Advantages
– Digital, Priorities , Fiber possible, excellent Ƞ (%)
– Short / Long (token holding time) frames possible
– Wire-centers make it only LAN to detect &
eliminate cable failures automatically
– Throughput & efficiency at high load are excellent
• Token Ring Disadvantages
– Centralized monitor
– Delay at low speed (wait for token)
– Almost obsolete