Chapter Four
Deflections in beam
Introduction
Deflection of determinant structures can be calculated in
the following methods:
• Direct Integration Method
• Moment-Area Method
• Conjugate-Beam Method
• Method of Virtual Work
• Graphical Multiplication
• Castiglione’s Theorem
• Maxwell Beti law of reciprocal deflection
[Link] Integration Method
The direct integration method essentially involves
writing the expression for M/EI (bending moment
divided by flexural rigidity of the beam) in terms
of the distance x along the axis of the beam and
integrating this expression successively to obtain
equations for the slope and deflection of the
elastic curve.
The constants of integration are determined from
the boundary conditions.
Cont.…
• The direct integration method proves to be
most convenient for computing slopes and
deflections of beams for which M/EI can be
expressed as a single continuous function of x
over the entire length of the beam. However,
the application of the method to structures for
which the M/EI function is not continuous can
become quite complicated
Cont.…
A straight elastic beam subjected to an arbitrary
loading acting perpendicular to its centroidial
axis and in the plane of symmetry of its cross
section, as shown in Figure below(a).
a b c
Cont.…
• The neutral surface of the beam in the deformed state is
referred to as the elastic curve. To derive the differential
equation defining the elastic curve, consider the
element in the deformed position is shown in Fig.(b).
• As this figure indicates, we assume that the plane
sections perpendicular to the neutral surface of the
beam before bending remain plane and perpendicular to
the neutral surface after bending. The slope of the
elastic curve, , is assumed to be so small that is
negligible compared to unity;. Note that dy represents
the change in slope over the differential length dx. It can
be seen from Fig (b) that the deformation of an arbitrary
fiber ab located at a distance y from the neutral surface.
Cont.…
Thus, the strain in fiber ab is equal to
===- =- (2.1)
in which R is the radius of curvature. By substituting the linear stress
strain relationship
= into Eq. (2.1), we obtain
=- (2.2)
in which is the stress in fiber ab and E represents Young’s modulus of
elasticity.
Equation (2.2) indicates that the stress varies linearly with the distance
y from the neutral surface, as shown in Fig. (c). If denotes the stress at
the uppermost fiber located at a distance c from the neutral surface
Fig. (c), then the stress at a distance y from the neutral surface can be
written as
=- (2.3)
Cont.…
• Since the bending moment M is equal to the sum
of the moments about the neutral axis of the
forces acting at all the fibers of the beam cross
section, we write
(2.4)
Substitute (2.3) in to (2.4)
=- or = -
From equ 2.3, = - (2.5)
where I is the moment of inertia of the beam cross
Cont.…
Combine 2.2 and 2.5, we obtain the moment
curvature relationship
= (2.6)
in which the product EI is commonly referred to as
the flexural rigidity of the beam and it is always a
positive quantity.
from calculus =
Cont.…
(2.7)
small slopes the square of the slope,( negliable
= =
Because dy/dx, equ 2.7 becomes
=
Example
[Link] the equations for the slope and
deflection of the beam below by the direct
integration method. Also, compute the slope at
each end and the deflection at the mid span of
the beam. EI is constant
Solution
From free body diagram
=0 =0
=0L+wL()=0=
=0 - wL+=0 =
Bending Moment: Section at a distance x from
support A, Considering the free body to the left of
this section, we get
cont.…
M = () -w = (L- )
Equation for M/EI The flexural rigidity, EI, of the
beam is constant, so the equation for M/EI can be
written as
== (L- )
Equations for Slope and Deflection:
The equation for the slope of the elastic curve of
the beam can be obtained by integrating the
equation for M/EI as
dy/dx=(L)+ and
Deflection y =(L- )+x+
Cont.…
applying the following boundary conditions to
determine and
At end A; x = 0; y = 0
At end B; x = L; y =0
by setting x = 0 and y = 0 in the equation for y
=0 and by setting x = L and y = 0 in the
equation for y
0 =(L- )+L+
=-
Cont.…
• Thus, the equations for slope and deflection of
the beam are
=(L - )
y =(L - )
Slopes at Ends A and B by substituting x =0 and L
= - and =
Deflection at Mid span by substituting x = L/2
=-
Exercise
Determine the slope and deflection of the above
beam in example by the direct integration method
it subjected to a uniform design loading of 4 kN/m.