LOSSES ON
PRESTRESS
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
SHRINKAGE LOSS
Module 6A
INTRODUCTION
While:
Normal concrete mixes contain more water than is required for cement hydration.
Thus:
The free water evaporates with TIME, the rate depending on HUMIDITY,
TEMPERATURE, and SIZE/SHAPE of member.
Therefore:
The drying is accompanied by reduction in volume, the change occurring at a
higher rate initially. Approximately 80% of shrinkage occurs in the first year.
EQUATION DEFINING
SHRINKAGE LOSS
Where:
=Shrinkage strain
=Elastic modulus of Prestressing steel
SHRINKAGE STRAIN (TIME
DEPENDENT)
For moist-cured concrete, t days after 7 days of curing
For steam-cured concrete, t days after 1 – 3 days in steam curing
SHRINKAGE STRAIN (TIME
DEPENDENT METHOD)
(Ultimate Shrinkage Strain)
Range: 500x10-6 to 1000x10-6
For standard conditions (40% Humidity, No available data for Shrinkage of
aggregates.)
780x10-6 (ACI-ASCE)
820x10-6 (PCI )
SHRINKAGE STRAIN (ACI-ASCE
METHOD)
imperial (in)
metric (mm)
Where:
=Shrinkage Factor
V =Volume of Concrete
S =Exposed Surface Area
RH =Relative Humidity
SHRINKAGE STRAIN (ACI-ASCE
METHOD)
(Shrinkage Factor)
Taken as 1 for PRETENSIONED concrete
Taken from the table depending on time elapsed from end of curing
ACI-ASCE
Time 1 7 28 60
0.92 0.77 0.58 0.45
PCI 2010
Time 1 3 5 7 10 20 30 60
0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45
SHRINKAGE STRAIN (TIME
DEPENDENT)
Range: 500x10-6 to 1000x10-6
For standard conditions (40% Humidity, No available data for Shrinkage
of aggregates.)
780x10-6 (ACI-ASCE)
820x10-6 (PCI )
A moist-cured 18m-concrete beam of dimension 100mm x 3
fs = 1200N/mm2
t = 30 days EXAMPLE
Es = 200 GPa
Ec = 35000 MPa
EXAMPLE
fs = 1200N/mm2
ACI-ASCE Method (using PCI) t = 28 days
Es = 200 GPa
PCI 2010 Ec = 35000 MPa
Time 1 3 5 7 10 20 30 60
L = 5m
0.92 0.85 0.80 0.77 0.73 0.64 0.58 0.45
Ac = 3000mm2
V = Ac * L = 3000mm2 * 5000mm =
RH = 30
15,000,000mm3
S = 2*base*length + 2*depth*length
= 2*100mm*5000mm + 2*300mm*5000mm
=4,000,000mm2
V/S = 3.75mm
EXAMPLE
fs = 1200N/mm2
ACI-ASCE (using PCI) t = 28 days
Es = 200 GPa
Ec = 35000 MPa
L = 5m
Ac = 3000mm2
RH = 30
EXAMPLE
fs = 1200N/mm2
Time-Dependent Method (using PCI) t = 28 days
Es = 200 GPa
Ec = 35000 MPa
Assuming standard Conditions
t = 28 days L = 5m
Ac = 3000mm2
RH = 30
FRICTIONS LOSS
Module 6B
INTRODUCTION
Friction loss only occurs in post-tensioned beams
When the cable is stressed, friction between the ducts and the cables does
not permit full tension to be transmitted.
Therefore, at any point away from the jacking end, prestress is less.
Friction loss is due to:
Length effect
Curvature effect
INTRODUCTION
Length Effect:
Friction between the tendon and surrounding material (duct or sheathing) is the
length of effect or sometimes called the wobble effect
Depends on the length, stress in the tendon (cable), and the coefficient of friction
between the contact materials.
Curvature Effect:
Friction between the tendon and the surrounding material due to curvature of the
cable (Tendon Profile).
EQUATION DEFINING FRICTION LOSS
Where:
= Prestressing force at the jacking end
= coefficient of friction between the cable and the duct
= cumulative angle in radian through which the tangent to the
cable profile has turned between any two points under consideration
k = friction coefficient
WOBBLE
AND
CURVATURE
FRICTION
COEFFICIEN
TS
TENDON CENTRAL ANGLE
A PRE-TENSIONED beam has a span of 18ft. If the tendon is
EXAMPLE
A POST-TENSIONED beam has a span of 18ft. If the tendon i
EXAMPLE
PONDER:
How can we reduce the
loss of pre-stress due
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝐹 =𝑃 𝑗 ( 1 −𝑒 −(µ 𝛼+𝑘𝑥)
) to friction?
ANCHORAGE
SEATING LOSS
Module 6C
INTRODUCTION
Anchorage-seating losses occur in post-tensioned members
due to the seating of the wedges in the anchors when the
jacking force is transferred to the anchorage.
Can also occur in the prestressing casting beds of
pretensioned members due to the adjustment expected
when the prestressing force is transferred to the beds.
INTRODUCTION
The remedy for this loss can be easily affected during
stressing operations by overstressing. The magnitude of
overstress depends on the type of anchorage system
Anchorage loss generally ranges from 6.35mm to
9.53mm
Can be significant for short beams
EQUATION DEFINING
ANCHORAGE SEATING LOSS
Where:
= Magnitude of slip (manufacturer provided)
= Tendon length
= Modulus of prestressing wires
A moist-cured 18m-concrete beam of dimension 100mm x 3
fs = 1200N/mm2
t = 30 days EXAMPLE
Es = 200 GPa
Ec = 35000 MPa
= ¼” (6.35 mm).
EXAMPLE
STEP-BY-STEP
COMPUTATION OF
TIME-DEPENDENT
LOSSES
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Post-
Pretensioned
Tensioned STEP-BY-
Anchorage Slip Loss Friction Loss STEP
PROCESS
Elastic Shortening Loss Anchorage Slip Loss
Creep Loss Elastic Shortening Loss
Shrinkage Loss Creep Loss
Relaxation Loss Shrinkage Loss
Relaxation Loss
Pretensione Pretensione
d d STEP-BY-
Anchorage Slip Loss ∆𝐴 STEP
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐴= 𝐸𝑠
𝐿 PROCESS
Elastic Shortening Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐸𝑆=𝑛 𝑓 𝑐
Creep Loss
=
Shrinkage Loss
(
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻 =8.2 𝑥 10− 6 𝐾 𝑆𝐻 𝐸 𝑆 1− 0.06
𝑉
𝑆 )
( 100 − 𝑅𝐻 )
Relaxation Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅𝐸 = 𝑓 𝑠
(
log 𝑡 𝑓 𝑝𝑖
10 𝑓 𝑝 𝑦
−0.55
)
Post- Post-
Tensioned Tensioned
Friction Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐹 =𝑃 𝑗 ( 1−𝑒 −(µ𝛼+𝑘𝑥)
) STEP-BY-
STEP
Anchorage Slip Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐴=
∆𝐴
𝐸𝑠
PROCESS
𝐿
Elastic Shortening Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝 𝐸𝑆=𝑛 𝑓 𝑐
Creep Loss
=
Shrinkage Loss
(
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑆𝐻 =8.2 𝑥 10− 6 𝐾 𝑆𝐻 𝐸 𝑆 1− 0.06
𝑉
𝑆 )
( 100 − 𝑅𝐻 )
Relaxation Loss
∆ 𝑓 𝑝𝑅𝐸 = 𝑓 𝑠
(
log 𝑡 𝑓 𝑝𝑖
10 𝑓 𝑝 𝑦
−0.55
)